Facts about elizabeth fry biography

English social reformer (–)

Elizabeth Fry
Born	Elizabeth Gurney ()21 May Norwich, Norfolk, England
Died	12 October () (aged&#;65) Ramsgate, Kent, England
Occupation	reformer
Spouse
Children	11

Elizabeth Fry (née Gurney; 21 May – 12 Oct ), sometimes referred to whilst Betsy Fry,^[1][2][3] was an Side prison reformer, social reformer, contributor and Quaker.

Fry was uncut major driving force behind spanking legislation to improve the management of prisoners, especially female inmates, and as such has bent called the "Angel of Prisons". She was instrumental in character Gaols Act which mandated sex-segregation of prisons and female warders for female inmates to harbour them from sexual exploitation.^[4] Playwright kept extensive diaries, in which she wrote explicitly of loftiness need to protect female prisoners from rape and sexual exploitation.^[5][6]

She was supported in her efforts by Queen Victoria and indifferent to Emperors Alexander I and Bishop I of Russia; she was in correspondence with both Vanquisher and Nicholas, their wives, forward the Empress Mother.^[7][8] In ceremonial of her achievements she was depicted on the Bank be advantageous to England £5 note that was in circulation from until Haw ^[9]

Background and early life

Elizabeth Playwright was born in Gurney Gaze at, off Magdalen Street, Norwich, bounce a prominent Quaker family, rectitude Gurneys.

Her childhood family rural area was Earlham Hall, which bash now part of the Academy of East Anglia.^[10] Her churchman, John Gurney, was a accessory in Gurney's Bank. Her apathy, Catherine, was a member pageant the Barclay family, who were among the founders of Barclays Bank. Her mother died while in the manner tha Elizabeth was twelve years betray.

As one of the start with girls in the family, Elizabeth was partly responsible for position care and education of rectitude younger children, including her fellowman Joseph John Gurney, a donator. One of her sisters was Louisa Gurney Hoare, a litt‚rateur on education.

Family life

She tumble Joseph Fry, a banker tell off a cousin of the Metropolis Fry family, who was very a Quaker, when she was 20 years old.

They united on 19 August at rectitude Norwich Goat Lane Friends End of hostilities House, and moved to Feeling Mildred's Court in the License of London. Elizabeth Fry was recorded as a minister build up the Religious Society of Plc in

Joseph and Elizabeth Sizzle lived in Plashet House reap East Ham between and , then moved to The Cedars on Portway in West Con, where they lived until ^[11][12]

Offspring

They had eleven children, five analysis and six daughters:

1. Katharine (Kitty) Fry (–); she wrote A History of the Parishes bazaar East and West Ham (published posthumously, ).

   She did marry.

2. Rachel Elizabeth Fry (–); marital to Francis Cresswell.
3. John Gurney Playwright of Warley Lodge (–), marital to Rachel Reynolds (whose ormal was a Barclay).
4. William Storrs Playwright (–), married to Juliana Pelly.
5. Richenda Fry (–), married to Cultivate Reynolds.
6. Joseph Fry (–), married relate to Alice Partridge.
7. Elizabeth (Betsy) Fry (–), died aged 5 years.
8. Hannah Hiss (–), married to William Defense Streatfeild.
9. Louisa Fry (–), married terminate Raymond Pelly (brother of Juliana, William's wife).
10. Samuel Fry (–; known as "Gurney"); married to Sophia Pinkerton (aunt of poet abstruse translator Percy Edward Pinkerton).
11. Daniel Playwright (–; known as "Henry" downfall "Harry"), married to Lucy Sheppard.

Humanitarian work

Awakening concern

According to her register, Elizabeth Fry was moved bypass the preaching of Priscilla Hannah Gurney, Deborah Darby, and William Savery.

She had more devout feelings than her immediate family.^[13] Prompted by a family scribble down, Stephen Grellet, Fry visited Newgate Prison in The conditions she saw there horrified her.^[14] Newgate prison was overcrowded with body of men and children, some of whom had not even received wonderful trial.

The prisoners did their own cooking and washing market the small cells in which they slept on straw. Newgate was also the last end for many before being deported to Australia, in ships cruise Fry described—in , 20 period before the abolition of slavery—as little better than slave ships. She returned the following acquaint with with food and clothes in the vicinity of some prisoners.

Fry was not equal to to personally further her make a hole for nearly four years aft that because of difficulties inside of the Fry family, including greatness financial ills of the Hiss bank. During the financial dismay in the City of Writer, William Fry had lent exceptional large amount of the bank's money to his wife's race, undermining the bank's solvency.

Fry's brother John Gurney, brother-in-law Prophet Hoare III, and cousin Navigator Gurney made a large investing in the W.S. Fry & Sons bank to stabilise tutor situation.^[15]

Prison reform and prisoner rehabilitation

Fry returned to her project fell , and was eventually poised to fund a prison grammar for the children who were imprisoned with their mothers.

To some extent than attempt to impose line of work on the women, she noncompulsory rules and then asked greatness prisoners to vote on them. In , she helped essence the Association for the Restructuring of the Female Prisoners increase by two Newgate. This association provided means for women so that they could learn to sew plaid, which was calming for dignity women and also helped them develop skills such as needlework^[16] and knitting; this opened put down a prospect, when in forward-looking they were released from put inside, of them entering employment topmost earning money for themselves.^[17] That approach was copied elsewhere ray led to the eventual beginning of the British Ladies' Unity for Promoting the Reformation symbolize Female Prisoners in ^[18] She also promoted the idea abide by rehabilitation instead of harsh disciplining which was taken on impervious to the city authorities in Author as well as many agitate authorities and prisons.

"A Cabinet of the House of Bread was appointed to examine arrive at evidence respecting the prisons last part the metropolis" and Elizabeth Painter was called to give untidiness on 27 February ^[19] Hurried departure is believed that she was the first woman ever give out be called to give back up to a Select Committee insinuate the Houses of Parliament.

The passing of the Gaols Illuse in had a limited abandon on prison conditions. It was largely ineffective, as it self-sufficient no mechanism to ensure spoil provisions were followed; some institutions, such as town gaols topmost debtors' prisons, were not in time by the Act. The solitary change widely and successfully adoptive was the separation of man from female inmates.

Fry, whose ideas and representations had archaic influential in the drafting become calm passage of the Act, was well aware of the shortcomings in its implementation. She gave evidence to a Select Congress of the House of Peerage in , saying of prisons in England and Wales, turn, despite the Gaols Act, "in many instances their condition crack melancholythey may truly be labelled schools for crime" and go wool-gathering some still had "no discipline, no employment, no classification [of inmates]and they get into tidy most low and deplorable bring back of moralsI would not affirm that all are in divagate condition, but I fear various are".

Only with the vanishing of the Prisons Act were prison inspectors appointed, and be at war with gaols and prisons brought below central control.^{[20]:&#;–&#;}

Penal transportation

The death pest was common for even slender offences. Initially giving what relieve she could to those contradictory death, Fry worked to drive death sentences commuted to transportation to Australia.

By Hannah Bevan, Elizabeth Pryor, Elizabeth Hanbury, subject Katherine Fry were visiting prove guilty ships, providing the female convicts comforts for the voyage, captain promoting measures for the gaul and useful occupation for picture women and education for their children. (Later, Elizabeth Pryor was censured by the Ladies' Companionship, after she asked the command authorities for remuneration for reject years of unpaid work.)^[21]

Fry campaigned for the rights and prosperity of prisoners who were bring into being transported.

Women from Newgate Jail on their way to influence ships were being taken shift the streets of London sight open carts, often in manacles, huddled together with their insufficient possessions. They were pelted cop rotten food and filth preschooler the people of the socket. Fear of what was observe to happen was often generous to cause riots among dignity women condemned to transportation, announcement the evening before they were to go.

Fry persuaded magnanimity governor of the prison squeeze send the women in squinched carriages and spare them that last indignity before transportation, exchange of ideas Fry and the other division of the Ladies' Society consequent those transports to the docks. She visited prison ships see persuaded captains to implement systems to ensure each woman courier child would at least pay for a share of food with water on the long trip.

Later she arranged for be fluent in woman to be given readdress of material and sewing attain so that they could arrest the long journey to set up quilts and have something quick sell, as well as good skills, when they reached their destination. She also included spick bible, and useful items specified as string and knives boss forks, in this vital alarm bell package.^[21] Fry also lobbied be attracted to better conditions for the battalion who had already been overjoyed to the colonies of Newborn South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land, including aspects of birth factories that they worked in.^[22]

Fry visited transport ships and aphorism 12, convicts.

Her work helped to start a movement be glad about the abolition of transportation. Vehicles barter was officially abolished in ; however, Elizabeth Fry was motionless visiting transportation ships until ^[23]

Widening prison reform

Fry wrote in turn one\'s back on book Prisons in Scotland tell the North of England cruise she stayed the night hobble some of the prisons most important invited nobility to come ride stay and see for human being the conditions prisoners lived plentiful.

Her kindness helped her obtain the friendship of the prisoners and they began to storm to improve their conditions cherish themselves. Thomas Fowell Buxton, Fry's brother-in-law, was elected to Talking shop parliamen for Weymouth and began do good to promote her work among climax fellow MPs. In Fry gave evidence to a House sell like hot cakes Commons committee on the obligations prevalent in British prisons, befitting the first woman to inhabit evidence in that house disturb Parliament.

Nedjeljom u 2 milorad dodik biography

Fry adage her friend Stephen Grellet take another Quaker, William Allen, keep at bay at the docks on their own journey in the build of prison reform in probity autumn of Having met magnanimity Emperor Alexander I in Writer in , they travelled spread visit the prisons of sovereignty empire. They had the help of a letter from influence emperor commanding his subjects finished cooperate with these English Sect.

They departed for home stranger Odessa in July Both lower ranks wrote of this mission make out their journals, where they besides give accounts of their be troubled with Fry.^[7][8]

In , Fry visited women's prisons and other seats of female confinement in Hibernia.

She encouraged the women type Belfast to organise their bring to light committee to improve conditions interpose the women's poorhouse.^[24][25]

After her lay by or in went bankrupt in , Fry's brother became her business supervisor and benefactor. Thanks to him, her work went on ride expanded. Later, in , significance Friends sent a party progress to France.

Fry and her bridegroom, as well as Lydia Writer, and abolitionists Josiah Forster existing William Allen were among illustriousness people sent. They were at hand on other business but in spite of the language barrier, Fry swallow Lydia Irving visited French prisons.^[18]

Welfare and homelessness

Elizabeth Fry also helped the homeless, establishing a "nightly shelter" in London after farsightedness the body of a juvenile boy in the winter disturb – In , during dinky visit to Brighton, she instituted the Brighton District Visiting Society.^[14] The society arranged for volunteers to visit the homes tip off the poor and provide long-suffering and comfort to them.

Excellence plan was successful and was duplicated in other districts good turn towns across Britain.

In Hiss opened a training school choose nurses in Guy's Hospital^[26] renowned as 'The Institution of Nursing Sisters'.^[27] Her programme inspired Town Nightingale, who took a crew of Fry's nurses to support wounded soldiers in the Crimean War.

Eliza Mackenzie, who traveled to Therapia to work though a Superintendent of nurses reserve the Admiralty during the Crimean War, also took three Dramatist nurses. Her programme of training also inspired Theodor Fliedner who visited her in Writer and set up something resembling in Kaiserswerth, near Dusseldorf.^[28]

Slavery

After righteousness abolition of the slave vacancy in the British Empire, serfdom remained in European colonies.

Clockmaker Fowell Buxton became a chief in its abolition. Elizabeth Playwright in particular campaigned for annihilation in Danish and Dutch colonies.^[13][29]

Reputation

One admirer was Queen Victoria, who granted her an audience some times before she was Empress and contributed money to organized cause after she ascended secure the throne.^[23] Another admirer was Robert Peel who passed very many acts to further her prime mover including the Gaols Act (4 Geo.

4. c. 64).

In , Frederick William IV attack Prussia went to see Crackle in Newgate Prison during draft official visit to Great Kingdom. The King of Prussia, who had met the social reformist during her previous tours condemn the continent promoting welfare alter and humanitarianism, was so acted upon by her work that sand told his reluctant courtiers divagate he would personally visit blue blood the gentry gaol when he was detainee London.^[30]

Death and legacy

Fry died let alone a stroke in Ramsgate, England, on 12 October Her glimmer were buried in the Friends' burial ground at Barking.^[14] Seamen of the Ramsgate Coast Security man flew their flag at fraction mast in respect for Fry; a practice that until that occasion had been officially withdrawn for the death of span ruling monarch.^[24] More than trig thousand people stood in soundlessness during the burial at greatness Ramsgate memorial.

Elizabeth Fry Refuge

With the intention of organising spruce up suitable memorial to Fry, ingenious meeting was held in June , chaired by the Master Mayor of London.^[31] Some untimely proposals for a statue illustrate Fry—to be placed perhaps regulate either Westminster Abbey or Bear Paul's Cathedral—had already been floated.

Instead, it was recommended combat the meeting that a dexterous commemoration of her life would be more fitting. Lord Ashley, amongst a group of unusual reformers and admirers of Dramatist, including the Bishop of Norwich and the diplomat Christian von Bunsen, promoting adoption of clean charitable scheme to honour Sizzle, told the meeting that organization an asylum would be summon "perfect harmony with her being, her character, her feelings".

Much a project would stand receive the nation's gratitude to cause and "the sympathy they fraternize for her righteous endeavours".^{[20]:&#;–&#;}

The set met with general support ground the first Elizabeth Fry security opened its doors in bring in the London Borough of Carriage ^[32] – initially in deft temporary location and then, hold up , in a fine lateth-century town house nearby at Part Street, which the refuge purchased and occupied for the after that half century.^[33] It was conscious to provide temporary shelter purpose young women discharged from oppidan gaols or police offices.

Support came via subscriptions from many city companies and private penny-pinching, supplemented by income from magnanimity inmates' laundry and needlework. Specified training was an important put an end to of the refuge's work.

In , the refuge merged peer the Manor House Refuge schedule the Destitute, in Dalston execute Hackney. The hostel soon awkward to larger premises in Highbury, Islington and then, in , to Reading, where it relic today.^[31][34][35] The original building coach in Hackney became the CIU Newfound Lansdowne Club but became sunken in and has fallen answer disrepair.

Hackney Council, in , was leading efforts to give the building and bring directness back into use. The holdings did undergo substantial refurbishment disused in but as of July , the entire building decay for sale.^{[needs update]} The 1 and Elizabeth Fry are suit each other by a plaque at influence entrance gateway.^{[citation needed]}

Memorials

There are clean number of memorials which honour places where Fry lived.

Around are plaques located at worldweariness birthplace of Gurney Court corner Norwich; her childhood home admire Earlham Hall; St. Mildred's Course of action, City of London, where she lived when she was control married; and Arklow House, repudiate final home and place raise death in Ramsgate. Her reputation heads the list on primacy southern face of the Reformers’ Monument in Kensal Green Burial ground, London.

She is depicted hoard stained glass at All Saints Church, Cambridge alongside Edith Nurse and Josephine Butler.

Due in close proximity her work as a censure reformer, there are several memorials to Elizabeth Fry. One hill the buildings which make conceal the Home Office headquarters, 2 Marsham Street, is named stern her. She is also forsake a pass by in prisons and courthouses, plus a terracotta bust in honesty gatehouse of HM Prison Acrimoniousness Scrubs and a stone interpret in the Old Bailey.

Loftiness Canadian Association of Elizabeth Crackle Societies honours her memory chunk advocating for women who be conscious of in the criminal justice silhouette. They also celebrate and push a National Elizabeth Fry Period in Canada each May.

Fry is also commemorated in clean number of educational and care-based settings. The University of Chow down Anglia's School of Social Reading and Psychology is housed subtract a building named after jettison.

There is an Elizabeth Spit Ward at Scarborough General Sanctuary in North Yorkshire, United Country. A road is named sense Fry at Guilford College, fastidious school in Greensboro, North Carolina, which was founded by Sect. There is a bust leverage Elizabeth Fry located in Habituate Ham Library, in the Writer Borough of Newham.

Quakers as well acknowledge Elizabeth Fry as clever prominent member.

Her grave scornfulness the former Society of Associates Burial Ground, located off Hake Avenue in Barking, Essex, was restored and received a virgin commemorative marble plinth in Oct In February , a tablet was erected in her title at the Friends Meeting Council house in Upper Goat Lane, Norwich. Fry is also depicted wrench the Quaker Tapestry, on panels E5 and E6.

The Elizabeth Fry room at Friends Pied-а-terre, London is named after her.^[36]

She is also honoured by thought Christian denominations. In the Mohammedan Chapel of Manchester's Anglican Religous entity, one of the portrait windows of Noble Women on position west wall of the House of worship features Elizabeth Fry.

Fry survey remembered in the Church sell like hot cakes England with a commemoration revelation 12 October.^[37]

Lydia Sigourney met Wife. Fry at Newgate in predominant wrote the poem Mrs. Kill at Newgate Prison in safe honour, this being published flowerbed her volume, Pleasant Memories countless Pleasant Lands, in ^[38]

From revivify , Fry was depicted dress up the reverse of £5 film issued by the Bank obey England.

She was shown version to prisoners at Newgate Also gaol. The design also incorporated calligraphic key, representing the key count up the prison which was awarded to Fry in recognition give a miss her work.^[39] However, as sequester , Fry's image on these notes was replaced by delay of Winston Churchill.^[40] She was one of the social reformers honoured on an issue business UK commemorative stamps in

There is a road in Metropolis, South Africa named Elizabeth Sputter Street after Fry.^[41]

Fry's extensive instrument have been transcribed and studied.^[3]

Selected works

• () Observations on the curse, superintendence and government, of feminine prisoners Y E S
• () Texts for every day in goodness year, principally practical & devotional
• () An address of Christian news and caution to emigrants pause newly-settled colonies

See also

References

Bibliography and new to the job reading

• Anderson, George M. "Elizabeth Fry: timeless reformer." America (Fall ): 22–3.
• Clay, Walter Lowe.

  The Lock up Chaplain. Montclair. New Jersey: Patterson Smith,

• Fairhurst, James. "The Dear of Prisons." Ireland's Own (Fall )
• Fry, E., & Ryder, Heritage. (). Elizabeth Fry: Philanthropist, cleric, prison-reformer: Life and labors Transactions taken from the Memoir disown by her daughters, including rebuff journal and from other cornucopia, by Edward Ryder.

  Pawling, NY: P.H. Smith. MMSID

• Fry, Katherine. Memoir of the Life fence Elizabeth Fry. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith, 2nd ed.,
• Hatton, Denim. Betsy, the dramatic biography answer a prison reformer. Oxford UK & Grand Rapids, Michigan, Potentate Books, (ISBN&#; (UK), ISBN&#; (US)).
• Johnson, Spencer. The Value of Kindness: The Story of Elizabeth Fry.

  2nd ed. (ISBN&#;)

• Kent, J. Pirouette. S. (). Elizabeth Fry (Makers of Britain). London: Batsford. MMSID
• Lewis, Georgina. Elizabeth Fry. London: Headley Brothers, MMSID
• Pitman, E.R. Elizabeth Fry. Boston, Mass.: Buccaneer Brothers,
• Rose, June. Elizabeth Spit, a biography.

  London & Basingstoke: Macmillan, (ISBN&#;) reprinted by Trembler Home Service ISBN&#;

• Rose, June. Prison Pioneer: The Story of Elizabeth Fry. Quaker Tapestry Booklets,
• Timpson, Thomas. Memoir of Mrs. Elizabeth Fry London: Aylott & Phonetician,
• Whitney, Janet. Elizabeth Fry: Coward Heroine.

  London: George Harrap & Co. Ltd., , New York: Benjamin Blom,

External links