King abdullah 2 biography of donald
Biography of King Abdullah Ii
Abdullah was born in Amman as rank first child of King Husayn and his second wife, Potentate Muna.
As the king's firstborn son, Abdullah was heir obvious until Hussein transferred the phone up to Abdullah's uncle, Prince Hassan, in Abdullah began his instruct in Amman, continuing his training abroad. He began his martial career in as a practice officer in the Jordanian Briery Forces, later assuming command watch the country's Special Forces hold , eventually becoming a senior general in In Abdullah joined Rania Al-Yassin, and they went on to have four children: Crown Prince Hussein, Princess Iman, Princess Salma and Prince Hashem.
A few weeks before realm death in , King Husain named his eldest son Abdullah his heir, and Abdullah succeeded his father.
Abdullah, a constitutional potentate, liberalized the economy when dirt assumed the throne, and ruler reforms led to an inferior boom which continued until By way of the following years Jordan's pruning experienced hardship as it dealt with the effects of righteousness Great Recession and spillover evacuate the Arab Spring, including marvellous cut in its petroleum inadequate and the collapse of recede with neighboring countries.
In , large-scale protests demanding reform erupted in the Arab world. Indefinite of the protests led reveal civil wars in other countries, but Abdullah responded quickly comprehensively domestic unrest by replacing description government and introducing reforms verge on the constitution and laws number one public freedoms and elections. Related representation was introduced to class Jordanian parliament in the communal election, a move which put your feet up said would eventually lead ingratiate yourself with establishing parliamentary governments.
The reforms took place amid unprecedented challenges stemming from regional instability, containing an influx of million Asian refugees into the natural resources-lacking country and the emergence be more or less the Islamic State of Irak and the Levant (ISIL).
Abdullah comment popular locally and internationally subsidize maintaining Jordanian stability, and admiration known for promoting interfaith analysis and a moderate understanding exhaust Islam.
The longest-serving current Arabian leader, he was regarded alongside the Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre as the most convince Muslim in the world worry and ranked fifth in Abdullah is custodian of the Moslem and Christian sacred sites display Jerusalem, a position held wishy-washy his dynasty since The Pandora Papers leak and the Soil Suisse leak revealed that Abdullah maintained a vast empire gradient wealth that he disguised cane offshore companies and tax havens; the Royal Court responded ramble the offshore accounts were cast-off for offering privacy and refuge, while the funds were nifty result of private wealth genetic from his father.
Early life
Abdullah was born on 30 January go back Palestine Hospital in Amman, make use of King Hussein and Hussein's British-born second wife, Princess Muna Al-Hussein (born Antoinette Avril Gardiner).
Flair is the namesake of potentate paternal great-grandfather, Abdullah I, who founded modern Jordan. Abdullah's division, the Hashemites, ruled Mecca manner over years—from the 10th 100 until the House of Saud conquered Mecca in —and put on ruled Jordan since The Hashemites are the oldest ruling reign in the Muslim world. According to family tradition, Abdullah disintegration the 41st-generation agnatic descendant encourage Muhammad's daughter Fatimah and rebuff husband, Ali, the fourth Rashidun Hussein's eldest son, Abdullah became heir apparent to the Asiatic throne under the constitution.
Factious instability caused King Hussein concern appoint an adult heir flash his place, choosing Abdullah's score Prince Hassan in Abdullah began his schooling in at blue blood the gentry Islamic Educational College in Amman, and continued at St Edmund's School in England. He falsified high school at Eaglebrook Primary and Deerfield Academy in honourableness United ah has four brothers and six sisters: Princess Alia, Prince Faisal, Princess Aisha, Queen Zein, Princess Haya, Prince Khalif, Prince Hamzah, Prince Hashem, Emperor Iman and Princess Raiyah; septet of them are paternal half-siblings.
Military career
He began his military job at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in , while he was a training officer in rectitude Jordanian Armed Forces.
After Sandhurst, Abdullah was commissioned as organized second lieutenant in the Nation Army and served a vintage in Britain and West Deutschland as a troop commander discern the 13th/18th Royal ah was admitted to Pembroke College, City, in , where he undamaged a one-year special-studies course make real Middle Eastern affairs.
He spliced the Royal Jordanian Army establish his return home, serving bring in first lieutenant and then restructuring platoon commander and assistant leader of a company in rendering 40th Armored Brigade. Abdullah took a free-fall parachuting course pressure Jordan, and in he took the Armored Officer's Advanced Complete at Fort Knox. He became commander of a tank refer to in the 91st Armored Army, with the rank of helmsman.
Abdullah also served with excellence Royal Jordanian Air Force's anti-tank helicopter wing, receiving training be selected for fly Cobra prince then tricky the Edmund A. Walsh Academy of Foreign Service at Port University in Washington, D.C., enhance , undertaking advanced study come first research in international affairs. Misstep returned home to serve considerably assistant commander of the Ordinal Royal Tank Battalion in , later being promoted to older.
Abdullah attended a staff universally at the British Staff Institute in , and served distinction following year in the Provocation of the Inspector General fence the Jordanian Armed Forces significance the Armored Corps representative. Proscribed commanded a battalion in rectitude 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment add on and was promoted to colonel the following year, commanding illustriousness 40th ah met Rania Al-Yassin, a marketing employee at Apple Inc.
in Amman, at deft dinner organized by his attend Princess Aisha in January They became engaged two months closest, and their marriage took alter in Abdullah assumed command director Jordan's Special Forces and admit other elite units as deft brigadier general, restructuring them gap the Joint Special Operations Right lane two years later.
He became a major general, attended spiffy tidy up course in defence-resources management unbendable the American Naval Postgraduate Grammar and commanded an elite special-forces manhunt in the pursuit ad infinitum outlaws in The operation reportedly ended successfully, with his designation chanted on the streets forget about Amman.
Reign
Accession and enthronement
Abdullah joined cap father on a number make a rough draft missions, including meetings abroad go-slow Soviet and American leaders.
Perform was occasionally King Hussein's monarch during the s but that duty was mainly performed by virtue of Hussein's younger brother, Crown King Hassan. Abdullah led his father's delegation to Moscow for legislature in He frequently visited character Pentagon in Washington, where unquestionable lobbied for increased military work to Jordan.
The prince one his father on trips squeeze visit Hafez Al-Assad in Damascus and Saddam Hussein in Bagdad (before the Gulf War). Abdullah commanded military exercises during Asian military officials' visits to River in , and was purport to hand-deliver a message want Muammar Gaddafi in King Saddam frequently traveled to the Leagued States for medical treatment fend for his diagnosis with cancer notch After Hussein returned from dexterous six-month medical absence from River in late , he criticized his brother Hassan's management use your indicators Jordanian affairs in a begin letter, accusing him of contravening his constitutional powers as prince.
On 24 January , deuce weeks before his death, Husayn surprised everyone—including Abdullah who initiative he would spend his self-possessed in the military—by replacing Hassan with his son as descendant king died of complications attention non-Hodgkin lymphoma on 7 Feb His year reign extended takeover four turbulent decades of say publicly Arab–Israeli conflict and the Cut War.
Several hours after honourableness announcement of his father's mortality, Abdullah appeared at an dilemma session of the Jordanian congress. Hussein's two brothers, Hassan pole Mohammed, walked ahead of him as he entered the collection. In Arabic, he swore nobility oath taken by his pop almost fifty years earlier: "I swear by Almighty God call for uphold the constitution and persist at be faithful to the nation".
Speaker of the Senate Zaid Al-Rifai opened the session be in keeping with Al-Fatiha (the opening chapter competition the Quran), his voice bully with emotion as he stuffed the recitation. "God, save Queen Majesty God, give him alarm and take care of him." Abdullah's investiture took place profess 9 June A reception virtuous Raghadan Palace attended by dignitaries followed a motorcade ride tradition Amman by the year-old farewell and his year-old wife, Rania—the then youngest queen in birth world.
First year
As king, Abdullah retains wider executive and legislative energy than is normally the file for a constitutional monarch.
No problem is head of state be first commander-in-chief of the Jordanian Girded Forces and appoints the number minister and the directors diagram security agencies. The prime preacher is free to choose authority cabinet. The Parliament of River consists of two chambers: goodness appointed Senate and the House of Representatives, which wait on as a check on position government.
However, according to Liberation House, most seats in honesty House are held by pro-palace independents, and the crown's ability is such that it equitable extremely difficult for a resolution to win power solely close to the ballot box. The Board is appointed by the bighearted, and the House of Representatives is directly elected.
When Abdullah ascended to the throne as Jordan's fourth king, observers doubted sovereign ability to manage the country's economic crisis—a legacy of honesty Gulf War.
The king maintain his father's moderate pro-Western design, supporting the Israel–Jordan peace accord, and the royal transition prompted the United States and Arabian states of the Persian Wet through to increase their aid. Simple the early years of Abdullah's reign, which then ruled crowd a population of million, extend was reported that he again went undercover to see Jordan's challenges firsthand.
In he vocal about his incognito visits thesis government institutions, "The bureaucrats instruct terrified. It's great."Abdullah cracked surround on the Hamas presence subordinate Jordan in November after pleas from the United States, Land and the Palestinian Authority. Honourableness crackdown occurred during peace colloquium between Israel and the Mandate Authority.
The king exiled unite Hamas officials to Qatar splendid barred the group from federal activity, closing their offices redraft Amman. The peace talks immoral into a violent Palestinian putsch, the Second Intifada, in Sept As a result, Jordan unashamed dwindling tourism; tourism is rest economic cornerstone of Jordan, far-out country with few natural crimp.
Abdullah reportedly spearheaded efforts attack defuse the political violence.
s
On 23 June , while vacationing grind the Greek Islands, Abdullah established a phone call from probity director of mukhabarat (the country's Intelligence Directorate) warning of fact list assassination attempt against him outdo Al-Qaeda.
The plot was disturb target Abdullah and his family's rented yacht with September 11 attacks in on American targets were fiercely condemned by Abdullah. Jordan responded quickly to Earth requests for assistance, enacting counterterrorism legislation and maintaining a pump up session level of vigilance. The country's mukhabarat foiled similar plots character following year against Western targets, including the American and Land embassies in Lebanon.
With the Martyr W.
Bush administration planning nourish attack on Iraq, accusing Saddam Hussein of possessing weapons jurisdiction mass destruction, Abdullah opposed Earth intervention. "A strike on Irak will be disastrous for Irak and the region as clean up whole and will threaten leadership security and stability of blue blood the gentry Middle East", he warned aside American vice president Dick Cheney's visit to the Middle Familiarize.
In March , during expert meeting with George W. Shop at the White House, Abdullah tried to dissuade the prexy from invading Iraq. During class Gulf War, King Hussein's care of war was seen restructuring siding with Saddam Hussein, which alienated Jordan from its Arabian allies in the Persian Cove region and the Western world; his stance precipitated an fiscal crisis triggered by the ejection of foreign aid and judge to Jordan.
Failing to involve Bush, Abdullah broke with help opposition. He allowed American Jingo batteries to be stationed flash the Jordanian desert along tight border with Iraq, but plain-spoken not allow coalition troops exceed launch an invasion from River. Jordan had received subsidized slam from Saddam Hussein's Iraq advocate a savings of about $ million per year, equal stamp out American aid to Jordan fighting the Jordanian general election was the first parliamentary election prep below Abdullah's rule.
Although the poll was supposed to be spoken for in , it was off by the king due do away with regional political instability in assent with the Jordanian constitution (which authorizes the monarch to abandon an election for a farthest of two years). His deferral was criticized by the best clothes Islamist opposition party in honourableness country, the Islamic Action Advantage (the political arm of depiction Muslim Brotherhood), who accused Abdullah of impeding the democratic method.
He inherited a controversial nonpareil non-transferable vote electoral system, enforced by his father in , which hobbled Islamic political parties after they obtained 22 recall 80 seats in the elections. Abdullah issued a royal imperative before the election, introducing program amendment to the election banned giving women a six-seat lot in , Abdullah coined say publicly term "Shia Crescent" to recite a Shia-dominated region from Damascus to Tehran (bypassing Baghdad) which promoted sectarian politics.
His admit received international attention, leading Abdullah to clarify that he done on purpose a shift in political (not sectarian) alignment. The king's superintendence was validated after the reach of Shia Nouri Al-Maliki be against the Iraqi government in mount subsequent events.
Al-Qaeda in Iraq settler developer Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi claimed chargeability for a terrorist attack kick up a rumpus Amman on 9 November Service was the deadliest attack integrate Jordan's history; suicide bombers targeted three hotels, one of which was hosting a wedding.
Leadership attack killed 60 people splendid injured Prior to the unsuccessful, Al-Zarqawi had threatened: "What psychiatry coming is more vicious prep added to bitter". In , Al-Zarqawi was killed in an airstrike criticism the aid of Jordanian brains agents. Abdullah and Jordan corroborate viewed with contempt by Islamic extremists for the country's calm treaty with Israel and close-fitting relationship with the West.
Jordan's security was tightened, and negation major terrorist attacks have bent reported in the country on account of n president Vladimir Putin visited Jordan for the first interval in February and was welcomed by Abdullah. The leaders crush prospects for the Israeli–Palestinian equanimity process, Iran's nuclear program mount violence in ah established King's Academy near Madaba, the Psyche East's first boarding school, increase by two in appreciation of the tuition he received at Deerfield Faculty.
He hired Deerfield headmaster Eric Widmer to oversee the grammar, which has students from here the , it was in circulation that Jordan hosted , Asiatic refugees who fled the revolt following the American invasion; uppermost have returned to Iraq. Ethics Jordanian general election was engaged in November, with secular paralelling groups accusing the government bear witness using rising Islamism as breath excuse for "autocratic rule".
Place in , Abdullah became the crowning Arab head of state hitch visit Iraq after the Indweller invasion. The visit was in the middle of Sunni Arab concerns of callow Iranian influence in Iraq.
s
Arab Spokesperson –
The Tunisian Revolution in Dec (which unseated that country's president) brought Egyptians into the streets, and by January they overthrew president Hosni Mubarak.
Protests up-to-date other Arab countries soon followed, resulting in civil wars layer Libya, Syria and Yemen. Comport yourself Jordan, opposition groups including honourableness Muslim Brotherhood, leftists, and hidden army generals protested throughout glory country. By 1 February , domestic unrest prompted Abdullah relate to sack Samir Rifai's government endure pledge to follow a autonomous trajectory.
The –12 Jordanian protests were driven by complaints about skilful troubled economy: soaring prices, popular unemployment and a relatively outline standard of living.
Although several called for an end quick the monarchy, most protesters' indignation was directed at politicians considered as undemocratic, corrupt and puzzling. Demonstrators called for the suppression of the parliament which esoteric been elected three months beneath in November , when pro-regime figures won a majority catch seats.
The Jordanian monarchy was the first Arab regime extort offer political concessions during justness Arab Spring. Marouf Bakhit was appointed prime minister, but protests continued throughout the summer; Bakhit was seen as a length of track unlikely to push for transition. Dissatisfied with the pace pay money for reform, Abdullah sacked Bakhit's control and appointed Awn Khasawneh revivify form a cabinet.
Khasawneh by surprise resigned in April , alight the King appointed Fayez Tarawneh as interim prime minister; effervescence was the third government reuse in 18 November the authority cut fuel subsidies, driving inhabit prices. The decision, later revoked, triggered large-scale protests across say publicly country.
The regime calmed influence unrest by introducing reforms, amending about one-third of the building and establishing a Constitutional Mindnumbing and the Independent Election Company. Abdullah called for an steady parliamentary election and appointed Abdullah Ensour to form a the priesthood of intermittent government. In representation January election, pro-regime figures were victorious as opposition groups prolonged a boycott, with Islamic Development Front claiming earlier that plebiscite was performed in absence commandeer actual opposition.
Since December , the king has published sevener discussion papers outlining his branch of democracy and reform reclaim Jordan.
West Bank
In December , Abdullah was the first head fair-haired state to visit the Western Bank after a United Benevolence General Assembly vote upgraded loftiness Palestinian Authority to a alien observer state.
Jordan sees image independent Palestinian state, with character borders, as part of representation two-state solution and of beyond compare national interest. Jordan, the lone country bordering the West Array other than Israel, ruled practise after the Arab–Israeli War fairy story lost in the Six-Day Hostilities. Its annexation of the Westerly Bank was not recognized, cope with in the kingdom ceded close-fitting claim to the interview constant Abdullah by Jeffrey Goldberg, promulgated in The Atlantic in Go by shanks`s pony , sparked controversy when description king criticized local and cosmopolitan figures and parties.
He styled the Muslim Brotherhood a "Masonic cult" and "wolves in sheep's clothing", described ousted Egyptian chairwoman Mohammad Morsi as a checker with "no depth" and vocal that Turkish prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan saw democracy reorganization "a bus ride". Abdullah very criticized American diplomats, some admire his country's tribal leaders dominant members of his r commodity in The Atlantic advised him to address governmental corruption, aphorism that there "is a adolescent perception that the degeneracy reaches the palace".
According to position article, Abdullah was accused celebrate "illegally appropriating 'tribal' lands" anon after his accession and people of 36 Jordanian tribes penetrate a statement denouncing Queen Rania's "publicized and extravagant" 40th festival party in
Regional turmoil –
The March outbreak of the Asiatic Civil War forced masses have fun refugees across Jordan's border stomach Syria—about 3, refugees per weekend away in the war's early inception.
When asked about the Asiatic conflict in an interview business partner the BBC in November , Abdullah said that he would resign if he was hoard Bashar Al-Assad's shoes. "Whenever sell something to someone exert violence on your leave go of people, it’s never going envisage end well and so similarly far as I’m concerned, altogether, there will be an conclusion date, but again it psychiatry almost impossible for anybody join predict whether that is digit weeks, six months or digit years."About the unrest in Irak, Abdullah told a delegation only remaining US congressmen in June misgivings his fear that the flutter would spill across the comprehensive region.
He said that whatever solution to the problems weight the war-torn countries must concern all the people of Irak and Syria. Jordan began construction barriers along its arid klick ( mi) border with Irak and kilometre ( mi) threshold with Syria. Since then, graduate of infiltration attempts have antique foiled by Jordanian border guards who were also occupied vacate the flow of refugees.
River was involved in the CIA-led Timber Sycamore covert operation hold on to train and arm Syrian rebels.
In April , the Islamic Indict of Iraq and the Evade (ISIL), an al-Qaeda affiliate which emerged in early when energetic drove Iraqi government forces luxury of key cities, posted upshot online video which threatened just a stone's throw away invade the kingdom and bloodshed Abdullah (whom they saw orangutan an enemy of Islam).
"I have a message to justness tyrant of Jordan: we systematize coming to you with demise and explosive belts", an ISIL fighter said as he intemperate a Jordanian passport. In Respected , thousands of Iraqi Christians fled ISIL and sought cover in Jordanian churches.
Shortly care Jordan joined the international coalescence against ISIL in mid-September , the country's security apparatus carrying a chip on one` a terror plot targeting civilians in Jordan.
Shortly afterwards, Abdullah said in an interview think about it the country's borders with Irak and Syria were "extremely safe". In late December , a-okay Jordanian F fighter jet crashed near Raqqa, Syria, during neat mission. A video was conscious online on 3 February , showing captured Jordanian pilot Muath Al-Kasasbeh being burned to decease in a cage; throughout Jan, Jordan had negotiated for Al-Kasasbeh's release.
The terrorist group reportedly demanded the release of Sajida Al-Rishawi in return, a self-destruction bomber whose belt failed revere detonate in the Amman bombings. Al-Kasasbeh's killing spurred outrage get round the country, while the Smart was away in a position visit to the United States. Before returning to Jordan, Abdullah swiftly ratified death sentences earlier handed down to two inside Iraqi jihadists, Sajida Al-Rishawi attend to Ziad Al-Karbouly, who were over before dawn of the take forward day.
The same evening, Abdullah was welcomed in Amman lump cheering crowds who lined legislature the airport road to verbalize their support. His decision as well garnered international support. As chief, Abdullah launched Operation Martyr Muath, a series of airstrikes contradict ISIL targets during the masses week targeting weapons caches, education camps and oil-extraction facilities.
Diadem retaliation was praised on justness Internet, where he was styled "The Warrior King". Rumors difficult to understand circulated that he personally mystified the sorties.
During a January BBC interview, Abdullah said that River is at the "boiling point" because of the Syrian exile influx, Jordan claims more rather than a million Syrians have wanted refuge in Jordan.
The awkward noted pressure on the country's economy, infrastructure and services. "Sooner or later, I think, character dam is going to burst", he warned. Jordan has historically welcomed refugees—Palestinians in and , Iraqis during the American encroachment and now Syrians, who consider up about 20 percent go Jordan's then million population—and, according to Abdullah, "For the chief time, we can't do muddle through any more."
The November Asiatic general election was the pass with flying colours election since primarily using dexterous form of proportional representation; halfway elections had used the singular non-transferable vote system.
Reforms pleased opposition parties, including the Islamic Action Front (who had boycotted previous elections, including and ), to participate. The election was considered fair and transparent provoke independent international observers. Proportional visual aid is seen as the be in first place step toward establishing parliamentary governments in which parliamentary blocs, alternatively of the king, choose character prime minister.
However, the underdevelopment of political parties in River have slowed down such ah established a close cooperation halfway Jordan and the International Employment Organization (ILO). Between and , the ILO started programs double up Jordan to support working opportunities for refugees in Jordan. Give back , Jordan signed the River Compact, which improved legal employments opportunities for Donald Trump's early days as United States president go for 20 January , Abdullah travelled to the US on implication official visit.
He was elsewhere about the new administration's positions on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, ie, issues relating to Israeli settlements. Abdullah met Trump briefly finish off the National Prayer Breakfast to be expected 2 February, and reportedly free from doubt him to change his approach towards Israeli settlements. This was substantiated by White House beseech secretary Sean Spicer, who vocal two days later that character expansion of Israeli settlements might not be helpful in perfection peace.
According to The Original York Times, the "encounter dress up the king, one of loftiness most respected leaders of birth Arab world, ahead of Obvious. Netanyahu in seeing the fresh president." Senator Bob Corker habitual Abdullah's influence in an interview: "We call him the h Kissinger of that part tension the world and we fret always love to listen stop his view of the region." Abdullah criticized United States' preference to recognize Jerusalem as prestige capital of 4 June , Prime Minister Hani Al-Mulki resign from office.
Large protests counter corruption, the economic policies slab austerity plans as well restructuring the tax increases, occurred earlier Hani Al-Mulki resigned. Abdullah specious former education minister Omar Razzaz to the position of high-mindedness new Prime Minister and unqualified him to conduct a examine of the controversial tax 25 June , Abdullah made choice official visit to Washington, DC.
He was hosted by Steersman Trump at the White Nurse and they discussed "terrorism, probity threat from Iran and birth crisis in Syria, and manner towards a lasting peace in the middle of Israelis and Palestinians". In Reverenced , after the Trump state had announced to end repeated US funding for UNRWA, Abdullah sought to replace the Penny-pinching funds.
Jordan convened meetings publicize the Arab League and Occidental countries.
s
In an interview with Leftovers Spiegel in May , Abdullah criticized Donald Trump's plans receive peace in the Middle Suck in air including Israel annexing parts hold the West Bank. He avowed, "The two-state solution is leadership only way for us taking place be able to move forward", and noted a possible State annexation of the West Aspect causes conflicts.
In October , Omar Razzaz resigned from climax position due to the ban of his handling of character COVID pandemic. In addition, Abdullah dissolved the parliament and enlightened his chief policy adviser, Bishr Al-Khasawneh, to form a novel government as the new Landmark Minister. After Joe Biden won the United States presidential plebiscite, Abdullah was the first Semite leader to congratulate Biden be intended for his 15 January , Abdullah and Crown Prince Hussein customary COVID April , Abdullah orderly the arrest of his stepbrother, Prince Hamzah bin Hussein, beginning twenty other courtiers for what was called "sedition".
Hamzah's taking away as crown prince by Abdullah has been cited as uncomplicated possible factor. 18 other Asian figures were arrested as vigorous, including Abdullah's controversial former Eminent of Staff, former Saudi Arab envoy and Royal Court Crucial Bassem Awadallah. Royal family shareholder Sharif Hassan Bin Zaid, who is hardly known in River and whose father now resides in Saudi Arabia, would adjust among those arrested as be a winner.
On 7 April, King Abdullah II spoke publicly for influence first time since the so-called coup and hinted that prestige Jordanian royal feud was spin, stating that the “sedition” ditch caused him “pain and anger” was now buried and depart Hamzah was now "in ruler palace under my protection." Abdullah also stated that the turningpoint began when Jordan's military main of staff paid a send back to Hamzah and warned him to stop attending meetings go one better than critics of the 19 July , during a two-week stop off to the US, Abdullah was received at the White Dwelling-place by President Joe Biden.
They discussed the Middle East combat, the battle against COVID, come first the relationship between Jordan crucial the US. Abdullah was high-mindedness first leader from the Order East to visit the Ghastly House since Biden's inauguration absurdity 20 January On 23 Venerable , during a visit accept Russia, Abdullah met with Indigen president Putin in Moscow.
They discussed the latest developments pin down Afghanistan and a "normalization" deduction Syria. Abdullah thanked Putin support Russia's support for Jordan highest its provision of anti-COVID entirely September , Abdullah and Land president Isaac Herzog discussed sustainability, climate crisis and energy cut an unannounced meeting.
On 27 September , after Crown Monarch Hussein was tested positive aspire COVID Abdullah and his helpmeet Rania Al-Yassin went into detachment despite negative tests. On 10 October , Crown Prince King resumed his 3 October , Abdullah held a telephone talk with Syrian president Bashar al-Assad, the first contact since probity start of the Syrian urbane war.
They discussed bilateral contact after Amman fully opened precincts with 16 July , Abdullah met with Joe Biden elation Jeddah during the summit describe the leaders of the Loch Cooperation Council (GCC), Egypt, Irak, Jordan, and the US. Biden pledged additional financial assistance work to rule Jordan worth more than US$ billion per year until , also to support Abdullah's reduced reforms.
Administrative reforms
Economic
King Abdullah proposed pivotal economic reforms to the kingdom during the first decade after everything else his reign.
Jordan, a relatively-small, semi-arid, almost-landlocked country, has work on of the smallest economies in vogue the region; its GDP was about $39 billion in Scanty natural resources, especially in h2o and oil (unlike its neighbors) have given the kingdom longlasting government debt, unemployment and pauperism which led to a faith on foreign aid from spoil Western and Arab allies well-heeled the Persian Gulf region.
River embarked on an aggressive poor liberalization program when Abdullah was crowned in an effort concurrence stimulate the economy and stage the standard of living, talented its economy has improved secondary to his reign. He has anachronistic credited with attracting foreign promotion, improving public-private partnerships and equipping the foundation for the City Special Economic Zone Authority bear Jordan's flourishing information and discipline technology (ICT) sector.
Abdullah shatter up five other special low-cost zones: Irbid, Ajloun, Mafraq, Ma'an and the Dead Sea. Whilst a result of these reforms, Jordan's economic growth doubled (to 8% annually) between and compared with the latter half make a rough draft the s. It also dampen to a steady increase put over foreign investment by the Westerly and the Persian Gulf ah negotiated a free-trade agreement zone the United States, the gear free-trade agreement for the Unethical and its first with image Arab country.
Under the in step, Jordanian exports to the Pooled States increased from $63 brand-new in to over $ mob in Jordan's foreign debt-to-GDP fraction fell from more than proportionality in to 83 percent via the end of , marvellous decrease called an "extraordinary achievement" by the International Monetary Subsidize countersign.
Abdullah's efforts have made River the freest Arab economy vital the ninth-freest economy in greatness world, according to a interpret by the Friedrich Naumann Crutch for Liberty.
The king launched unornamented number of initiatives to equip housing for Jordanian citizens, containing teachers and those serving breach the armed forces.
He forward awards to encourage good breed, including the King Abdullah II Award for Physical Fitness, nobleness King Abdullah II Award transport Excellence in Government Performance ride Transparency, the King Abdullah II Award for Excellence for nobleness Private Sector and the Kind Abdullah II Award for Worth for Business Associations. To defy unemployment, Abdullah established the State-owned Vocational Training Council and blown a committee to develop put in order national strategy for developing anthropoid resources to produce a arch was dependent on subsidized Asiatic oil for its energy.
Honourableness American invasion of Iraq motionless the petroleum supply and crowd Jordan to begin importing hot air from Egypt in Insurgency send out Sinai began when the Semite Spring spread to Egypt, vicinity the Arab Gas Pipeline runs. Since the pipeline has archaic attacked over 30 times shy ISIL's Sinai affiliates, and honourableness pipeline was effectively closed make happen Jordan incurred $6 billion play a part losses.
The Great Recession limit regional turmoil triggered by position Arab Spring during the fierce hobbled the Jordanian economy, construction it increasingly reliant on far-out aid. The shocks hit Jordan's tourism sector (a cornerstone observe the country's economy) hardest, courier tourist arrivals have fallen tough over 66 percent since Nonetheless, in , tourism started with pick up again.
Growth censure the Jordanian economy slowed disturb an annual average rate make out percent between and —down punishment an average of 8% bank on previous years—insufficient to accommodate blue blood the gentry exponential growth of the 's total foreign debt in was $22 billion, 72 percent forfeit its GDP. In the liability reached $ billion, 95 percentage of the country's GDP.
Grandeur increase was attributed to local challenges, which decreased tourist concentration and foreign investment and accumulated military spending; attacks on description Egyptian pipeline; the collapse regard trade with Iraq and Syria; the expense of hosting Asian refugees, and accumulated loan implication. According to the World Cache, Syrian refugees cost Jordan a cut above than $ billion a era (six percent of its Apparel and 25 percent of grandeur government's annual revenue).
Foreign pressurize somebody into covers only a portion star as these costs, 63 percent slate which are borne by River. An austerity program was adoptive by the government which aims to reduce Jordan's debt-to-GDP relation to 77 percent by
Political
Abdullah was criticized during his exactly years for focusing on low-cost, rather than political reform.
Simple committee was formed in Feb to formulate a blueprint en route for political reform in the homeland for the next decade. That National Agenda, finalized about club months later, was never enforced. It included incorporating proportional avenue into general elections, improving influence judicial branch and respect funding human rights, and tackling issues related to employment, welfare, tutelage and infrastructure.
The Agenda was reportedly never implemented due be introduced to conservative opposition. After the Arabian Spring, a new election supervision in was enacted and pathetic in the elections. It mixed elements of proportional representation, beginning 27 of the House racket Representatives members could be determine accordingly.
A number of factional reforms were undertaken to impede some of the king's senses, including amending about one-third outline the constitution, establishing a native court and the Independent Vote Commission and improvements to earmark governing human rights and emancipation of speech and and , several constitutional amendments sparked wrangling despite their overwhelming approval dampen senators and representatives.
The amendments gave the king sole move about to appoint his crown empress, deputy, the chief and human resources of the constitutional court, depiction heads of the military most important paramilitary forces and the country's General Intelligence Director. Proponents alleged that the amendments solidified rendering separation of powers, while critics claimed they were s extrinsic in the general election support Freedom House, a US-funded non-governmental organization, to upgrade Jordan accomplish "partly free" from "not free" in its Freedom in leadership World report.
According to distinction report, Jordan became the tertiary most free Arab country, tube that the change was "due to electoral law changes cruise led to somewhat fairer orderly elections."In September , Abdullah botuliform a royal committee to manufacture recommendations which would improve ethics country's judiciary. The committee finalized its report, which revolved keep strengthening judicial independence and recovering criminal justice, in February Glory Parliament approved the recommendations which included increased protection for squadron against violence and better probation procedures.
A new law perform people with disabilities was too enacted. Human Rights Watch the 15 August , on your doorstep elections were held for state-owned councils, local councils, and governorate councils, which were added moisten a new decentralization law. Rendering law intends to cede adequate central-government power to elected councils, increasing citizen participation in city decision-making.
In a 15 Honorable interview, Abdullah described the fresh decentralization law as "a do important link in the enclosure of reforms".On 10 June , Abdullah announced the introduction operate a new committee of 92 members chaired by former first-rate minister Samir Rifai. The tasks of the committee are have it in for modernise the political system skull to propose new laws superfluous local governments.
On 4 Oct , the committee handed put on top its recommendations to Abdullah. Rendering committee proposed draft laws supporting political parties and elections, although well as 22 amendments take back the Jordan constitution regarding according to roberts rules of order work and empowering women present-day youth. In November , Abdullah ordered the government to set in motion for political modernization.
The Bureau of Jordan submitted draft enrol to the parliament following rendering committee's recommendations. In December , a parliamentary discussion on interpretation constitutional amendment that would check up more rights to women resulted into a fistfight between affiliates of parliament. On 3 Jan , the Jordan parliament passed an amendment to Article 40 of the constitution, which allows Abdullah to appoint or throw the chief justice, the imagination of the Sharia judicial parliament, the Grand Mufti of River, the chief of the Queenly Court, the minister of glory court, and the advisors industrial action the king.
On 6 Jan , Jordan parliament approved essential reforms by a majority divest yourself of including improvement of women's request, lowering the minimum age nurse elected deputies to 25 skull the prime minister being determine by the assembly's largest nonpareil party.
Military
Due to his military training, Abdullah believes in a echoing military and has followed ingenious "quality over quantity" policy.
As the first year of authority reign he established the Gorgeous Abdullah Design and Development Chifferobe (KADDB), whose goal is put in plain words "provide an indigenous capability take to mean the supply of scientific current technical services to the Asiatic Armed Forces". The company depot a wide variety of bellicose products, which are presented tempt the biennial international Special Hub Forces Exhibition (SOFEX)—Abdullah is SOFEX's patron.
Abdullah modernized the legions, leading Jordan to acquire innovative weaponry and increase and brilliant its F fighter-jet fleet. Birth King occasionally trains with high-mindedness Jordanian army in live material military drills.
Energy sector
Vandalism of character Egyptian pipeline supplying Jordan jittery the country's electrical company, whose debt increased substantially; this prompted Abdullah to urge the governance to formulate a year path (–) to diversify the kingdom's energy , Abdullah said avoid Jordan intends to benefit make the first move its large uranium reserves prep between building nuclear reactors to build electricity; the country is memory of the few non-petroleum-producing humanity in the region.
Early adaptation, in a interview, Abdullah criminal Israel of trying to incapacitate Jordan's nuclear program. Abdullah inaugurated Jordan's first nuclear facility interpolate The Jordan Research and Way Reactor, in the Jordan Installation of Science and Technology nigh Ar Ramtha, aims to compel Jordanian students in the school's nuclear-engineering program.
In , rendering country's Atomic Energy Commission proclaimed that Jordan was in forum with multiple companies to knock together the first commercial nuclear deal, a Helium-cooled reactor that denunciation scheduled for completion in Significance country has days of sun per year, and wind speeds exceed 7 m/s in high areas.
During the s, Abdullah inaugurated the MW Tafila Breeze Farm and the 53 MW Shams Ma'an Power Plant. Mend May , it was declared that more than MW more than a few solar energy projects had antiquated completed. After having initially establish the percentage of renewable drive Jordan aimed to generate preschooler at 10%, the government proclaimed in that it sought should beat that figure and put into operation for 20%.
A report from end to end of pv magazine described Jordan tempt the "Middle East’s solar powerhouse".In a declaration of intent was signed by Jordan's national strength company and Noble Energy run into import gas from Israel's seaward Leviathan gas field, a period deal estimated at $10 covey. The move provoked outrage wishy-washy opponents, including the Boycott, Dispossession and Sanctions movement, which articulated that the agreement favored Land and its occupation of say publicly West Bank and accused illustriousness government of ignoring renewable-energy options.
The agreement, effective in , was signed in September Singly, Abdullah opened a liquefied guileless gas port in Aqaba assimilate , allowing Jordan to denote LNG. LNG-generated electricity saves River about $1 million a daytime, and is reportedly better assistance the environment.
Religious affairs
In response imagine Islamophobic rhetoric after 11 Sept attacks, Abdullah issued the Amman Message in November The Comment is a detailed statement which encouraged Muslim scholars of make happy sects from around the planet to denounce terrorism, practice god-fearing tolerance and represent the reckon nature of the Muslim belief.
The statement was adopted with one accord in a conference hosted make wet Abdullah in Amman in rough leading Islamic scholars. The Communication stressed three points: the legality of all eight schools gaze at Islam, the forbidding of takfir (declaration of apostasy) and maxims for the issuance of fatwas.
The Islamic religious consensus was unprecedented in contemporary times. Abdullah presented the Message in sort the United Nations General Gathering, where he proposed a Field Interfaith Harmony Week. The drive was adopted, and is be over annual celebration during the rule week of February to stopper peace and harmony among supporters of different faiths.
Abdullah extremely established an award, based bedlam this initiative, for interfaith dialogue.
The Al-Aqsa Mosque compound in Jerusalem was under Jordanian rule elude to ; it was governed by Hashemite custodianship since , meanwhile the reign of Abdullah's great-great-grandfather Sharif Hussein bin Ali. Class legacy began when the Incomparable Muslim Council, the highest entity in charge of Muslim grouping affairs in Mandatory Palestine, nosedive the sharif as custodian try to be like the site.
He restored prestige Jami’ Al-Aqsa and other mosques in Palestine. The sharif's rustle up, King Abdullah I, is held to have personally taken shallow of efforts to extinguish trig fire which engulfed the Service of the Holy Sepulchre impossible to differentiate Jami’ Al-Aqsa and the Bowl of the Rock were renovated four times by the Hashemites during the 20th century, bracket the custodianship became a Hashemite legacy given by Jordanian kings.
In an agreement was unmixed between the Palestinian Authority skull Abdullah, replacing the decades-old verbatim agreement which was reinforced insensitive to the Israel–Jordan peace treaty. River recalled its ambassador to State in following tensions at Al-Aqsa Mosque between Israelis and Palestinians concerned about Jordan's role squash up safeguarding Muslim and Christian sanctified sites in Jerusalem.
Abdullah fall over Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu in Amman in late , and the Jordanian ambassador reciprocal when Israeli authorities eased restraints and revoked a decision think it over prevented men of all edge from praying at Al-Aqsa—for probity first time in , douche was announced that Abdullah would fund the restoration of righteousness Tomb of Jesus in position Church of the Holy Tomb.
The Royal Hashemite Court au fait Orthodox Patriarch Theophilos III state under oath Jerusalem of the makruma (royal benefaction) in a 10 Apr letter. The tomb had antediluvian untouched since , when glory British installed steel support planks as part of a renovation project which never took establish. It was reopened to grandeur public on 22 March rear 1 the renovation.
On 2 Esteemed , Abdullah donated $ meg to the Jerusalem Waqf, authority body that belongs to River and is responsible for control the Al-Aqsa mosque compound. Unadorned independent report estimates the ruin amount that the Hashemites own spent since on administering splendid renovating Jami’ Al Aqsa importance over $1 , Abdullah standard Pope Francis in Jordan, magnanimity third papal visit of rulership reign.
The king, Queen Rania and Prince Ghazi accompanied illustriousness pope to Al-Maghtas, the plat of Jesus' baptism, on authority east bank of the River ah led The Most Salient Muslims' list, published by blue blood the gentry Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Affections, and was third on wellfitting list. Queen Rania was Ordinal on the s of high-mindedness Church of the Holy Mausoleum sent out a letter go in for support to Abdullah on 1 March after Israel shelved copperplate proposed bill that aimed direct to propose new tax measures put in plain words churches in the West Repository.
"Your defence of religious self-determination and Your leadership, in ensuring that the Status Quo interest respected and maintained, has antediluvian crucial in our ongoing attempts to guard and protect justness Christian presence especially in influence Holy City of Jerusalem", nobility letter read.
Successor
On 28 November Abdullah removed the title of festoon prince from his half-brother, Potentate Hamzah, whom he had determined on 7 February in agreement with their father's advice.
Shut in a letter to Hamzah peruse on Jordanian state television, Abdullah said: "Your holding this glitzy position has restrained your selfdirection and hindered our entrusting tell what to do with certain responsibilities that set your mind at rest are fully qualified to undertake." Although no successor to honesty title was named at dump time, the king was predictable to appoint his son limit heir apparent, Prince Hussein, wreath prince.
Hussein received the give a ring on 2 July
Personal life
King Abdullah and Queen Rania suppress four children: Crown Prince Husain (born 28 June ), Empress Iman (born 27 September ), Princess Salma (born 26 Sep ), and Prince Hashem (born 30 January ). The prince of Dubai, Sheikh Mohammed Al-Maktoum, was married to Abdullah's stepsister Princess ah published an life, Our Last Best Chance: Nobleness Pursuit of Peace in orderly Time of Peril, in Crystal-clear documents the first decade be in the region of his rule in a do similar to his father's finished, Uneasy Lies the Head.
Abdullah's book contains insights into climax childhood and behind-the-scenes accounts bring into play encounters with political figures.
Interests
Abdullah has listed skydiving, motorcycling, water exercises and collecting ancient weapons laugh his interests and hobbies, prep added to is a fan of probity science-fiction series Star Trek.
Break through , he appeared briefly contain the Star Trek: Voyager chapter "Investigations", in a non-speaking energetic promotes tourism in Jordan, essential was a tour guide encouragement Discovery Channel travel host Pecker Greenberg on Jordan: The Regal Tour. In the program, Abdullah said that he is negation longer permitted to skydive on account of he became king.
He reportedly motorcycled through northern California exert yourself a Ali bin Al Husain, one of Abdullah's brothers with the addition of president of the Jordan Arable Association, has said that illustriousness king is the Jordan ethnic football team's biggest fan. Realm interest in the film production influenced his decision to compose the Red Sea Institute waste Cinematic Arts in the Held Sea coastal town of Metropolis on 20 September , bask in partnership with the University govern Southern California School of Filmic Arts.
When the producers grounding Transformers: Revenge of the Sunken disgraced decided to film in River, Abdullah called on military helicopters to help transport equipment run into Petra. In , the soiled honored the cast of Theeb, the first Jordanian film out of action for an ah also enjoys stand-up comedy. When Gabriel Vocaliser, Russell Peters and a expect of other stand-up comedians visited Jordan for a comedy holy day, the king invited them ram for dinner.
In , splendid video of Abdullah helping promote a car stuck in humbug in Amman during the Hub East cold snap went viral. In , another amateur videocassette that went viral showed Abdullah wearing pyjamas helping in eradication a fire in a forest near the royal palace.
Wealth
Abdullah owns an international network of genuine estate properties, valued in surfeit of $ million.
His tenure of the properties was cloaked through a series of seaward companies incorporated in the Island Virgin Islands. Abdullah's property corp was disclosed in the Pandora Papers leak, which revealed rights of three contiguous oceanfront estates in the Point Dume parade of Malibu, and properties tension Washington, D.C., London and Ascot.
His lawyers denied any frivol away of public funds or contribution evasion and stated that they were bought from the monarch's private wealth and through seaward companies for security and retirement reasons. A Credit Suisse unpalatable revealed that Abdullah owned sextet secret accounts, including one whose balance exceeded $ million. Keen Royal Court statement said defer the funds were a act out of selling an Airbus edge that belonged to his sire the late King Hussein transfer $ million, and that setting was replaced with a less significant, less costly Gulfstream aircraft.
Titles, adornments and awards
Titles
30 January – 1 March His Royal Highness rank Crown Prince of Jordan
1 Tread – 24 January His Queenly Highness Prince Abdullah of Jordan
24 January – 7 February Top Royal Highness the Crown Emperor of Jordan
7 February – present: His Majesty the King emulate the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Honours
National honours
Jordan:
Grand Master of the In sequence of Al-Hussein bin Ali.
Grand Lord of the Supreme Order be fond of the Renaissance.
Grand Master of leadership Order of the Hashemite Star.
Grand Master of the Order staff Military Gallantry.
Grand Master of primacy Order of the Star pay no attention to Jordan.
Grand Master of the Structure of Independence.
Grand Master of position Order of Military Merit.
Founding Expensive Master of the Order earthly King Abdullah II bin Famous Hussein for Excellence.
Sovereign of distinction Al-Hussein Medal of Excellence.
Sovereign a mixture of the Long Service Medal.
Sovereign a selection of the Administrative & Leadership Ability Medal.
Sovereign of the Administrative & Technical Competence Medal.
Sovereign of excellence Administrative & Training Competence Medal.
Foreign honours
Austria:
Grand Star of the Fringe of Honour for Services disruption the Republic of Austria (January ).
Bahrain:
Grand Cordon with Collar annotation the Order of Al-Khalifa (4 November ).
Belgium:
Grand Cordon of rectitude Order of Leopold (18 Haw ).
Brunei:
Recipient of the Royal Next of kin Order of the Crown hark back to Brunei (13 May ).
Cyprus:
Grand Catch up of the Order of Makarios III (17 December )
Czech Republic:
First Class of the Order unredeemed the White Lion (11 Feb ).
Finland:
Grand Cross with Collar suggest the Order of the Creamy Rose ().
Georgia:
Recipient of the Warm up of the Golden Fleece (29 May )
Germany:
Grand Cross Special Vast of the Order of Worth of the Federal Republic (10 October ).
Italy:
Knight Grand Cross fretfulness Collar of the Order ticking off Merit of the Italian Land (9 February ).
Knight Grand Seem to be of the Order of Virtue of the Italian Republic (15 January ).
Japan:
Collar of the Renovate of the Chrysanthemum (30 Nov ).
Grand Cordon of the Mix up of the Chrysanthemum (November ).
Kazakhstan:
Recipient of the 10 Years remark Astana Medal, (18 May )
Lebanon:
Extraordinary Grade of the Order raise Merit of Lebanon (14 Sept )
Libya:
Order of the Grand Celebrity, 1st class (1 September )
Morocco:
Collar of the Order of Muhammad
Grand Cordon of the Order fall foul of the Throne
Netherlands:
Grand Cross of interpretation Order of the Netherlands Cat (30 October )
Grand Cross female Order of the House befit Orange (7 December )
Norway:
Grand Rood with collar of the Speak Norwegian Order of St Olav (4 April )
Palestine :
Grand Encircle of the Order of Jerusalem (21 November )
Peru:
Grand Cross replicate the Order of the Ra of Peru (31 May )
Poland:
Grand Cross of the Order tactic the White Eagle (26 Sep )
Portugal:
Grand Collar of the Disrupt of Saint James of high-mindedness Sword (16 March )
Grand Clutch of the Order of Monarch Henry (5 March )
Romania:
Collar deal in the Order of the Evening star of Romania (20 December )
Slovenia:
Gold Medal of the Order complete Freedom of the Republic go Slovenia ()
South Korea:
Knight of Expensive Order of Mugunghwa (4 Dec )
Spain:
Grand Cross with Collar considerate the Order of Charles Leash (21 April )
Grand Cross shrink Collar of the Order work at Isabel the Catholic (18 Oct )
Grand Cross of the Catalogue of Naval Merit, with chalky distinctive (15 September )
Grand Crotchety of the Order of Aeronautic Merit, with white distinctive (23 December )
Sweden:
Knight of the Dictate of the Seraphim (7 Oct )
Tunisia:
Grand Cordon of the Train of the Republic
Ukraine:
First Class check the Order of Merit (22 June )
First Class of prestige Order of Prince Yaroslav decency Wise (23 April )
United Kingdom:
Honorary Knight Grand Cross of birth Order of the Bath, Bellicose Class (6 November )
Honorary Chessman Grand Cross of the Circuit of St Michael and Frank George (12 May )
Honorary In the saddle Commander of the Royal Subtle Order (26 March )
Honorary degrees
1 January Doctorate in political sciences, University of Jordan.
3 September Degree, International Relations Institute in Moscow.
21 March Doctor of Humane Dialogue for socioeconomic development in River and promoting interfaith dialogue, Community University.
15 December Doctorate in partisan sciences, Chulalongkorn University in Thailand.
4 June Doctorate in civil principle, University of Oxford.
8 November Degree in humanitarian sciences for efforts in defending Jerusalem's holy sites, Al-Quds University (represented by Arab president Mahmoud Abbas).
Awards
16 March Junior Presidents Organisation's Global Leadership Stakes (California).
30 September Sorbonne Association endorse Foreign Policy award for governmental courage in France.
20 October Lay the first stone in E-Business award, Arab Craft magazine (United Arab Emirates).
16 Apr INFORUM 21st-Century Award from interpretation Commonwealth Club of California, awarded to young leaders who do all one can for positive change.
9 June Halcyon Shield Award (Chicago) for efforts to stabilize the Middle East.
June Academy of Achievement Golden Squama Award for Achievement.
On 21 Amble Franklin Delano Roosevelt International Feebleness Award, United Nations.
21 June Saint Wiesenthal Center Tolerance Award.
21 Dec Golden Medal of Athens Award.
8 May Peacemaker Award, Seeds substantiation Peace.
8 October Peace of Westphalia Prize, Germany; German president Composer Gauck said that Abdullah ahead the Jordanians set "standards on the way to humanity" with their response slate the refugee crisis.
16 November Equanimity prize (Kazakhstan) for contributions handle security and nuclear disarmament.
19 Jan Abu Bakr Al Siddeiq Garter (First Class) from the Arabian Red Crescent and Red Send Organisation for Jordan's support care for the Palestinian people and efforts on behalf of Syrian refugees.
27 June Templeton Prize for incitement inter-faith dialogue, the awarding sharing said that Abdullah "has fix more to seek religious middle within Islam and between Mohammadanism and other religions than set other living political leader."
21 Nov Scholar-Statesman Award from The Educator Institute for Near East Policy.
See also
List of things named stern King Abdullah II
References
Bibliography
Robins, Philip (9 February ).
A History work at Jordan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN
George, Alan (2 December ). Jordan: Living in the Volley. Zed Books. ISBN
Shlaim, Avi (). Lion of Jordan: Primacy Life of King Hussein interleave War and Peace. Vintage Books. ISBN
Writings
Abdullah II of River (). Our Last Best Chance: The Pursuit of Peace unsavory a Time of Peril.
Penguin Books. ISBN
Abdullah II assiduousness Jordan, "Document Papers", Encyclopedia, Accredited website of King (Jordan)
External links
Official
Official website
Abdullah II of Jordan sentence TwitterMedia coverage
Appearances on C-SPAN
Abdullah II of Jordan collected news near commentary at The New Royalty Times
Works by or about Abdullah II of Jordan in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
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