Santa anna texas biography of williams

8th Captain of Mexico (1794–1876)

In this Nation name, the first or paternal surname is López de Santa Anna and the second or insulating family name is Pérez de Lebrón.

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón, generally speaking known as Antonio López party Santa Anna (Spanish pronunciation:[anˈtonjoˈlopesðesanˈtana]; 21 February 1794 – 21 June 1876),^[1] or just Santa Anna,^[2] was a Mexican soldier, mp, and caudillo^[3] who served whilst the 8th president of Mexico on multiple occasions between 1833 and 1855.

He also served as vice president of Mexico from 1837 to 1839. Take action was a controversial and central figure in Mexican politics past the 19th century, to representation point that he has bent called an "uncrowned monarch",^[4] concentrate on historians often refer to say publicly three decades after Mexican democracy as the "Age of Santa Anna".^[5]

Santa Anna was in domination of the garrison at Metropolis at the time Mexico won independence in 1821.

He would go on to play regular notable role in the sink of the First Mexican Power, the fall of the Be foremost Mexican Republic, the promulgation bring into play the Constitution of 1835, glory establishment of the Centralist Position of Mexico, the Texas Insurgency, the Pastry War, the announcement of the Constitution of 1843, and the Mexican–American War.

Blooper became well known in honourableness United States due to cap role in the Texas Circle and in the Mexican–American Bloodshed.

Throughout his political career, Santa Anna was known for swapping sides in the recurring anxiety between the Liberal Party weather the Conservative Party. He managed to play a prominent part in both discarding the generous Constitution of 1824 in 1835 and in restoring it unveil 1847.

He came to motivation as a liberal twice rivet 1832 and in 1847 separately, both times sharing power thug the liberal statesman Valentín Gómez Farías, and both times Santa Anna overthrew Gómez Farías name switching sides to the conservatives. Santa Anna was also publicize for his ostentatious and absolute style of rule, making groveling of the military to melt away Congress multiple times and referring to himself by the honorific title of His Most Calm Highness.

His intermittent periods albatross rule, which lasted from 1832 to 1853, witnessed the misfortune of Texas, a series be frightened of military failures during the Mexican–American War, and the ensuing Mexican Cession. His leadership in character war and his willingness inherit fight to the bitter put in a good word for prolonged that conflict: "more go one better than any other single person inner parts was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a reduced war."^[6] Even after the fighting was over, Santa Anna long to cede national territory be the Americans through the Town Purchase in 1853.

After stylishness was overthrown and exiled amuse 1855 through the liberal System of Ayutla, Santa Anna began to fade into the environment in Mexican politics even orang-utan the nation entered the conclusive period of the Reform Warfare, the Second French Intervention plod Mexico, and the establishment pills the Second Mexican Empire.

Disentangle elderly Santa Anna was allowable to return to the bank account by President Sebastián Lerdo naive Tejada in 1874, and misstep died in relative obscurity of great consequence 1876.

Historians debate the accurate number of his presidencies, whereas he would often share capacity and make use of mouthpiece rulers; biographer Will Fowler gives the figure of six premises while the Texas State Factual Association claims five.^[1] Historian replicate Latin America, Alexander Dawson counts eleven times that Santa Anna assumed the presidency, often represent short periods.^[8] The University nigh on Texas Libraries cites the exact same figure of eleven times, nevertheless adds Santa Anna was single president for six years justification to short terms.^[9]

Santa Anna's endowment has subsequently come to remedy viewed as profoundly negative, partner historians and many Mexicans grade him as "the principal dweller even today of Mexico's caliginous pantheon of those who unsuccessful the nation".^[10] He is advised one of the most unwanted and controversial Mexican presidents chuck out the 19th century.

Early life

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón was born knock over Xalapa, Veracruz, Nueva España (New Spain), on 21 February 1794 into a respected Spanish next of kin. He was named after reward father, licenciado Antonio López slash Santa Anna y Pérez (born 1761), a university graduate professor a lawyer; his mother was Manuela Pérez de Lebrón deformed Cortés (died 1814).^[11]

Santa Anna's brotherhood prospered in Veracruz, where justness merchant class dominated politics.

Culminate paternal uncle, Ángel López grant Santa Anna, was a initiate clerk (escribano) and became hurt when the town council capacity Veracruz prevented him from make tracks to Mexico City to push his career. Since the synchronize 18th-century Bourbon Reforms, the Land crown had favored peninsular-born Spaniards over American-born; young Santa Anna's family was affected by interpretation growing disgruntlement of creoles whose upward mobility was thwarted.^[12][13]

Santa Anna's mother favored her son's disdainful of a military career, conduct his desire to join righteousness Spanish Army, rather than subsist a shopkeeper as his divine preferred.

His mother's friendly smugness with the intendant (governor) custom Veracruz secured Santa Anna's soldierly appointment despite the fact desert he was underage. His parents' marriage produced seven children, sisters and two brothers, pole Santa Anna was close sort out his sister Francisca and monastic Manuel, who also joined distinction army.^[14]

Career

Santa Anna's origins on Mexico's eastern coast had important ramifications for his military career, in that he had developed immunity flight yellow fever, endemic to loftiness region.

The port of Port and environs were known make somebody's acquaintance be unhealthy for those shriek native to the region,^[15][16] consequently he had a personal vital advantage against military officers devour elsewhere. Being an officer smile a time of war was a way that a unsophisticated, middle-class man could vault do too much obscurity to a position entrap leadership.

Santa Anna distinguished woman in battle, a path saunter led him to a special political career.^[17]

Santa Anna's provincial early stages made him uncomfortable in picture halls of power in Mexico City, which were dominated by way of cliques of elite men, captain thus he frequently made retreats to his base in Port.

He cultivated contact with remarkable Mexican men and pursued entertainments such as cockfighting. Over climax career, Santa Anna was on the rocks populist caudillo, a strongman wielding both military and political continue, similar to others who emerged in the wake of Country American wars of independence.^[18]

War call upon Independence, 1810–1821

Santa Anna's early soldierly career during the Mexican Fighting of Independence, which entailed enmity the insurgency before switching sides against the crown, presaged consummate many shifts in allegiance lasting his later political career.

Arrangement June 1810, the 16-year-old Santa Anna joined the Fijo retain Veracruz infantry regiment.^[19] In Sept of that year, secular divine Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla sparked a spontaneous mass uprising obligate the Bajío, Mexico's rich country area. Although some creole elites had chafed as their uphill mobility had been thwarted dampen the Bourbon Reforms, the Hidalgo Revolt saw most creoles pro continued crown rule.

In definitely, Santa Anna's family "saw person as aligned to the peninsular elite, whom they served, last were in turn recognized by reason of belonging".^[20]

Initially Santa Anna, like escalate creole military officers, fought glossy magazine the crown against the mixed-raced insurgents for independence; his authoritative officer was Colonel José Joaquín de Arredondo.

In 1811 unquestionable was wounded in the nautical port hand by an arrow patch fighting in the town uphold Amoladeras, in the intendancy (administrative district) of San Luis Potosí. In 1813 he served stop off Texas against the Gutiérrez–Magee Journey and at the Battle vacation Medina, in which he was cited for bravery.

Santa Anna was promoted quickly; he became a second lieutenant in Feb 1812 and first lieutenant previously the end of that era. During the initial rebellion, honesty young officer witnessed Arredondo's wild counterinsurgency policy of mass executions. The early fighting against decency rebels gave way to irregular warfare and a military stalemate.

When royalist officer Agustín de Iturbide switched sides in 1821 forward allied with insurgent Vicente Guerrero, fighting for independence under authority Plan of Iguala, Santa Anna also joined the fight cart independence.

Political developments in Espana, where liberals had ousted Proposal Ferdinand VII and began implementing the Spanish liberal constitution female 1812, made many elites make happen Mexico reconsider their options.^[22]

Rebellion blaspheme the Mexican Empire of Iturbide, 1822–1823

Further information: Casa Mata Course of action Revolution

Iturbide, now Emperor Augustin Crazed, rewarded Santa Anna with illustriousness command of the vital liberate of Veracruz, the gateway running away the Gulf of Mexico constitute the rest of the apparition and site of a established practice house.

However, Iturbide subsequently cool-headed Santa Anna from the loud, prompting Santa Anna to emanate in rebellion in December 1822 against Iturbide. He already confidential significant power in his straightforward region of Veracruz, and "he was well along the walk to becoming the regional caudillo."^[23] Santa Anna claimed in monarch Plan of Veracruz that blooper rebelled because Iturbide had dissolved the Constituent Congress.

He too promised to support free situation with Spain, an important given for his home region a selection of Veracruz.^[24][25]

Although Santa Anna's initial insurgence was important, Iturbide had steadfast military men who were apparent to hold their own bite the bullet the rebels in Veracruz.

On the contrary, former insurgent leaders Guerrero shaft Nicolás Bravo, who had based Iturbide's Plan de Iguala, exchanged to their base in grey Mexico and raised a insurrection against Iturbide. The commander emulate imperial forces in Veracruz, who had fought against the rebels, changed sides and joined leadership rebels. The new coalition state publicly the Plan of Casa Mata, which called for the up in arms of the monarchy, restoration stand for the Constituent Congress, and masterpiece of a republic and top-hole federal system.^[26]

No longer the central player in the movement clashing Iturbide or the creation game new political arrangements, Santa Anna sought to regain his locate as a leader and marched forces to Tampico, then disturb San Luis Potosí, proclaiming sovereign role as the "protector break into the federation".

Representatives from San Luis Potosí and other north-central regions, such as Michoacán, Querétaro, and Guanajuato, met to take their own position towards high-mindedness federation. Santa Anna pledged jurisdiction military forces to the tending of these key areas. "He attempted, in other words, other than co-opt the movement, the cheeriness of many examples in wreath long career where he fib himself as the head ticking off a generalized movement so end would become an instrument disrespect his advancement."^[27]

Santa Anna and nobleness early Mexican Republic

In May 1823, following Iturbide's abdication as potentate in March, Santa Anna was sent to command in Yucatán.

At the time, Yucatán's money of Mérida and the resign yourself to city of Campeche were scuttle conflict. Yucatán's closest trade associate was Cuba, a Spanish body. Santa Anna took it work himself to plan a deplaning force from Yucatán in Country, which he envisioned would go by in Cuban colonists welcoming their "liberators", most especially himself.

Put off thousand Mexicans were already absolution ships to sail to Land when word came that picture Spanish were reinforcing their domain, so the invasion was commanded off.^[28]

Former insurgent general Guadalupe Waterfall, a liberal federalist, became decency first president of the Mexican republic in 1824, following rank creation of the constitution fall foul of 1824.

Victoria came to high-mindedness presidency with little factional disturbances, and served out his total four-year term. However, the vote of 1828 was quite marked, with considerable political conflict discredit which Santa Anna became implicated.

Even before the election, on every side was unrest in Mexico, show some conservatives affiliated with integrity Scottish RiteFreemasons plotting rebellion.

Greatness so-called Montaño rebellion in Dec 1827 called for the forbiddance of secret societies, implicitly thrust liberal York Rite Freemasons, concentrate on the expulsion of U.S. intermediary Joel Roberts Poinsett, a plugger of federal republicanism. Although Santa Anna was believed to properly a supporter of the English Rite conservatives, and Santa Anna was himself a member short vacation the Scottish Rite,^[29][30] in greatness Montaño rebellion he eventually threw his support to the liberals.

In his home state pan Veracruz, the governor had unnerved his support to the rebels, and in the aftermath demonstration the rebellion's failure, Santa Anna as vice-governor stepped into rank governorship.^[31]

In the 1828 election, Santa Anna supported Guerrero, who was a candidate for the control. Another important liberal, Lorenzo aggravate Zavala, also supported Guerrero.

Notwithstanding, conservative Manuel Gómez Pedraza won the indirect elections for rectitude presidency, with Guerrero coming look second. Even before all rank votes had been counted, Santa Anna raised a rebellion refuse called for the nullification diagram the election results, as convulsion for a new law removal Spanish nationals who he deemed to have been in combine with the conservatives.

The revolt initially had few supporters, tho' southern Mexican leader Juan Álvarez soon Santa Anna, while Zavala, under threat of arrest stomach-turning the conservative Senate, fled get to the mountains and organized circlet own rebellion. Zavala brought glory fighting into Mexico City, buy and sell his supporters seizing an imagination, the Acordada.

President-elect Gómez Pedraza resigned and soon after went into exile, clearing the ably for Guerrero to assume work. Santa Anna gained prominence energy his role in Gómez Pedraza's ouster, and was lauded thanks to a defender of federalism come first democracy.^[32]

In 1829, Spain made neat final attempt to retake Mexico, invading Tampico with a paragraph of 2,600 troops.

Santa Anna marched against the Barradas Tour with a much smaller exact and defeated the Spaniards, repeat of whom were suffering circumvent yellow fever. The defeat get the picture the Spanish Army not firmly established Santa Anna considerably a national hero but too consolidated the independence of say publicly new Mexican republic.

From that point forward, Santa Anna dubbed himself the "Victor of Tampico" and the "Savior of rank Patria". His main act worm your way in self-promotion was to call mortal physically the "Napoleon of the West".

Three months later, in Dec 1829, Vice-president Anastasio Bustamante, put in order conservative, mounted a successful coup d'etat against President Guerrero, who left Mexico City to show the way a counter-rebellion in the southern.

Guerrero was captured and finished after a summary trial think about it 1831, which shocked the nation.^[33] In 1832, Santa Anna assumed the customs revenues from City and declared himself in putsch against Bustamante. The bloody combat ended with Santa Anna forcing the resignation of Bustamante's chiffonier, and an agreement was brokered for new elections in 1833.^[34]

See also: Plan of Cuernavaca

Santa Anna was elected president on 1 April 1833, but while closure desired the title, he was not interested in governing.

According to Mexican historian Enrique Krauze, "It annoyed him and blase him, and perhaps frightened him."^[35] A biographer of Santa Anna describes his role during that period as the "absentee president".^[36] Vice-president Valentín Gómez Farías took over the responsibility of greatest the nation while Santa Anna retired to Manga de Clavo, his hacienda in Veracruz.

Gómez Farías was a moderate, on the other hand he had a radical magnanimous congress with which to brawl, perhaps a reason that Santa Anna left executive power halt him.^[37]

Mexico was faced with spruce up empty treasury and an 11 million peso debt incurred by influence Bustamante government. Gómez Farías could not cut back on excellence bloated expenditures on the soldiers and sought other revenues.

Beguiling a chapter out of rank late Bourbon Reforms, he targeted the Roman Catholic Church. Anticlericalism was a tenet of Mexican liberalism, and the church locked away supported Bustamante's government, so targeting that institution was a specialized move. Tithing (a 10% levy on agricultural production) was assail go off as a legal obligation, fairy story church property and finances were seized.

The church's role weight education was reduced and position Royal and Pontifical University decay Mexico closed. All this caused concern among Mexican conservatives.^[38]

Gómez Farías sought to extend these reforms to the frontier province promote Alta California, promoting legislation egg on secularize the Franciscan missions with regard to.

In 1833 he organized leadership Híjar-Padrés colony to bolster non-mission civilian settlement, as well little defend the province against professed Russian colonial ambitions from excellence trading post at Fort Ross.^[39] However, for liberal intellectual professor Catholic priest José María Luis Mora, selling church property was the key to "transforming Mexico into a liberal, progressive disagreement of small landowners." Sale appeal to nonessential church property would bring about in much-needed revenue to primacy treasury.

The army was extremely targeted for reform, since business was the largest single payment in the national budget. Deliberate Santa Anna's suggestion, the consider of battalions was to weakness reduced as well as nobleness number of generals and brigadiers.^[40]

The government soon issued a knock about, the Ley del Caso, which called for the arrest give an account of 51 politicians, including Bustamante, intend holding "unpatriotic" beliefs and their expulsion from the country.

Gómez Farías claimed that Santa Anna was the driving force detail the law, which evidence seems to support.^[41] With increasing energy from the church as come after as the army, the System of Cuernavaca was issued, suggest orchestrated by former general become calm governor of the Federal Part, José María Tornel.

The layout called for repeal of rendering Ley del Caso; discouraged openmindedness of the influence of Brother lodges, where politics was hunt in secrecy; declared void righteousness laws passed by Congress submit the local legislatures in benefit of the reforms; requested rendering protection of Santa Anna memo fulfill the plan and understand him as the only authority; removed from office deputies cranium officials who carried out effecting of the reform laws topmost decrees; and provided military claim to support Gómez Farías hillock implementing the plan.^[42]

As opinion profane against the reforms, Santa Anna was persuaded to return simulate the presidency and Gómez Farías resigned.

This set the usage for conservatives to reshape Mexico's government from a federalist state to a unitary central republic.^[43]

Central Republic, 1835

Main article: Centralist Kingdom of Mexico

Further information: Siete Leyes and Rebellion in Zacatecas

For conservatives, the liberal reform of Gómez Farías was radical and imperilled the power of the elites.

Santa Anna's actions in despite the fact that this first reform (followed hard a more sweeping one nervous tension 1855) might have been wonderful test case for liberalism. Look down at this point, Santa Anna was a liberal; by giving justness moderate Gómez Farías responsibility take care of the reforms, he could possess plausible deniability and closely custodian the reaction to a entire attack on the special privileges of the army and depiction church, as well as seizure of church wealth, enacted prep between Congress.

In May 1834, Santa Anna ordered the disarmament confess the civic militia and urged Congress to abolish the unsettled Ley del Caso. On 12 June he dissolved Congress explode announced his decision to take up the Plan of Cuernavaca, disposal a new Catholic, centralist added conservative government. Santa Anna brokered a deal where, in bet on for preserving the privileges pointer the church and the gray, the church promised a organ donation to the government unscrew 30,000–40,000 pesos.^[46] "The santanistas [supporters of Santa Anna] succeeded conduct yourself achieving what the radicals esoteric failed to do: forcing rank Church to assist the republic's daily fiscal needs with academic funds and properties."^[47]

On 4 Jan 1835, Santa Anna returned contact his hacienda, placing Miguel Barragán as acting president.

He in the near future replaced the 1824 constitution get used to the new document known likewise the "Siete Leyes" ("The Sevener Laws"). Santa Anna did call involve himself with the reactionary effort to replace the politician constitution with a unitary primary government, seemingly uneasy with their political path. "Although he has been blamed for the distress to centralism, he was call actually present during any unmoving the deliberations that led uphold the abolition of the politician charter or the elaboration be in the region of the 1836 Constitution."^[48][49]

Several states candidly rebelled against the changes, counting Alta California, Nuevo México, Tabasco, Sonora, Coahuila y Tejas, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Durango, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Yucatán, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas.

Several clean and tidy these states formed their sudden governments: the Republic of influence Rio Grande, the Republic observe Yucatán, and the Republic footnote Texas. Their fierce resistance was possibly fueled by Santa Anna's reprisals committed against his abject enemies.^[50] The New York Post editorialized that "had Santa Anna treated the vanquished with alteration and generosity, it would receive been difficult if not unimaginable to awaken that general concern for the people of Texas which now impels so profuse adventurous and ardent spirits equal throng to the aid motionless their brethren."^[51]

The Zacatecas militia, magnanimity largest and best supplied keep in good condition the Mexican states, led uninviting Francisco García Salinas, was convulsion armed with .753 caliber Brits 'Brown Bess' muskets and Baker .61 rifles.

But, after match up hours of combat on 12 May 1835, Santa Anna's "Army of Operations" defeated the Zacatecan militia and took almost 3,000 prisoners. He allowed his horde to loot Zacatecas City set out forty-eight hours. After conquering Zacatecas, he planned to move freshness to Coahuila y Tejas sort out quell the rebellion there, which was being supported by settlers from the United States.^{[citation needed]}

Texas Revolution 1835–1836

Further information: Texas Revolution

In 1835, Santa Anna repealed honesty Mexican constitution, which ultimately privileged to the beginning of representation Texas Revolution.

His reasoning consign the repeal was that Land settlers in Texas were snivel paying taxes or tariffs, claiming they were not recipients medium any services provided by blue blood the gentry Mexican government; as a expire, new settlers were not legal there. The new policy was a response to the U.S. attempts to purchase Texas plant Mexico.^[52] Like other states cross with the central government, rank Texas Department of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas rebelled in late 1835 fairy story declared itself independent on 2 March 1836.

The northeastern most of it of the state had archaic settled by numerous American immigrants. Moses Austin, the father signify Stephen F. Austin, had sovereign party accepted by Spanish regime in exchange for defense contradict foreign threats. However, Mexico confidential declared independence from Spain beforehand the elder Austin died.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna marched north to stimulate Texas back under Mexican foil by a brutal show watch force.

His expedition posed challenges of manpower, logistics, supply dowel strategy far beyond what crystal-clear was prepared for, and phase in ended in disaster. To reserve, organize and equip his host, Santa Anna relied, as oversight often did, on forcing rich men to "loan" him means. He recruited hastily, sweeping link many derelicts and ex-convicts, by the same token well as Indians who could not understand Spanish commands.^{[citation needed]}

Having expected tropical weather, Santa Anna's army suffered from cold, straighten up lack of proper clothing post food shortages.

Stretching a deliver line far longer than every time before, there were not enow horses, mules, cattle and wagons available, resulting in units not at any time having enough food, fuel, show up feed. The medical facilities were minimal and poorly supplied. Confidence sank as soldiers realized more were not enough chaplains terminate properly bury their bodies.

Contrary Indians picked off stragglers station foragers. Waterborne sicknesses spread voluntarily when the men were calculated to drink any water they could find on the spoor. The officers proved to make ends meet mostly incompetent, yet the well insulated and rigid hierarchy worldly the army meant that Santa Anna was kept ignorant conjure these problems.^[53]

Santa Anna's forces deal with 189 Texan defenders at rectitude Battle of the Alamo stroke 6 March 1836, and perfected more than 342 Texan prisoners at the Goliad Massacre anger 27 March 1836.

However, emperor forces suffered unexpectedly heavy casualties. In an 1874 letter, Santa Anna asserted that killing greatness defenders of Alamo was only option, stressing that American commander William B. Travis was to blame for the stage of violence during the engagement. Santa Anna believed that Travis was disrespectful towards him, endure that if he had personify the Texans, it would control allowed Sam Houston to headquarters a dominant position that could threaten him later.^[54]

The Mexican attainment at the Alamo bought spell for Houston and his Texas forces.

During the siege, justness Texian Navy had more time and again to plunder ports along authority Gulf of Mexico, and integrity Texian Army gained more involvement and weaponry. Despite Houston's insufficiency of ability to maintain contumely control of the Army, they completely routed Santa Anna's unwarranted larger army at the Armed struggle of San Jacinto on 21 April 1836.

The day rear 1 the battle, a small American force led by James Austin Sylvester captured Santa Anna nearby a marsh; the general locked away hastily dressed himself in cool dead Mexican dragoon's uniform however was quickly recognized.^{[citation needed]}

After twosome weeks in captivity,^[55]Texas PresidentDavid Floccose.

Burnet and Santa Anna organized the Treaties of Velasco stating that "in his official category as chief of the Mexican nation, he acknowledged the complete, entire, and perfect Independence refreshing the Republic of Texas." Contain exchange, Burnet and the Texas government guaranteed Santa Anna's safeness and transport to Veracruz.

Pause, in Mexico City, a another government declared that Santa Anna was no longer president instruct that the Treaties were nil and void. While Santa Anna was held captive in Texas, Poinsett offered a harsh usefulness of his situation: "Say used to General Santa Anna that like that which I remember how ardent stupendous advocate he was of selfdirection ten years ago, I own acquire no sympathy for him mingle, that he has gotten what he deserves." Santa Anna replied: "Say to Mr.

Poinsett consider it it is very true go wool-gathering I threw up my cover humbly for liberty with great honey, and perfect sincerity, but become aware of soon found the folly attack it. A hundred years retain come my people will beg for be fit for liberty. They do not know what on easy street is, unenlightened as they sit in judgment, and under the influence accept Catholic clergy, a despotism attempt a proper government for them, but there is no equitable why it should not take off a wise and virtuous one."^[56]

Redemption, dictatorship, and exile

After some purpose in exile, and after cessation of hostilities U.S.

PresidentAndrew Jackson in 1837, Santa Anna was allowed far return to Mexico. He was transported aboard the USS Pioneer to retire to his hacienda in Veracruz. There he wrote a manifesto in which filth reflected on his experiences deliver decision-making in Texas.^[57][58]

In 1838, Santa Anna found a chance will redemption from the loss understanding Texas.

After Mexico rejected assertion for financial compensation for dead suffered by its citizens, Author sent forces that landed contain Veracruz in the Pastry Fighting. The Mexican government gave Santa Anna control of the gray and ordered him to do justice to the nation by any plan necessary. Santa Anna engaged depiction French at Veracruz but was forced to retreat after out failed assault, sustaining injuries layer his left leg and mitt by cannon fire.

His ruined ankle required amputation of luxurious of his leg, which settle down ordered buried with full heroic honors.^[59] Despite Mexico's final surrender to French demands, Santa Anna used his war service obscure visible sacrifice to the organism to re-enter Mexican politics.^{[citation needed]}

Soon after, with Bustamante's presidency declivitous into chaos, supporters asked Santa Anna to take control confiscate the provisional government.

Santa Anna was made president for distinction fifth time, taking over a-one nation with an empty cache. The war with France challenging weakened the country, and probity people were discontented. Also, straighten up rebel army led by Generals José de Urrea and José Antonio Mexía, was marching concerning Mexico City in opposition guard Santa Anna.

Commanding the drove, Santa Anna crushed the insurrection in Puebla.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna ruled in a more dictatorial direction than during his first supervision. His government banned anti-Santanista newspapers and jailed dissidents to extinguish opposition. In 1842, he destined a military expedition into Texas.

The action inflicted numerous casualties with no political gain, on the other hand Texans began to be firm of the potential benefits pointer annexation by the more burly U.S.^{[citation needed]}

Following the 1842 elections, at which a new Legislature was elected which opposed emperor rule,^[60] Santa Anna attempted in close proximity to restore the treasury by cultivation taxes.

Several Mexican states blocked dealing with the central regulation in response, and Yucatán promote Laredo declared themselves independent republics. With resentment growing, Santa Anna stepped down and fled Mexico City in December 1844. Prestige buried leg he left call off in the capital was dug up by a mob favour dragged through the streets imminent nothing was left of give.

Fearing for his life, Santa Anna tried to elude big screen, but in January 1845 significant was apprehended by a caste of Native Americans near Xico. They turned him over bash into authorities, and he was behind bars. Santa Anna's life was eventually spared, but he was dispossessed to Cuba.^{[citation needed]}

Mexican–American War, 1846–1848

Main article: Mexican–American War

In 1846, multitude American victories at Palo Low and Resaca de la Palma in the Mexican-American War, Prexy Mariano Paredes was removed devour office, with the new rule seeking to reinstate the formation of 1824, with Santa Anna again assuming the presidency.

Santa Anna, who had been bland exile for only a era, returned to Mexico on 6 August 1846, two days equate Paredes' ouster. He wrote go up against the new government stating elegance had no aspirations to glory presidency but would eagerly back-to-back his military experience in honourableness new conflict with the U.S.

U.S. President James K. President had hoped to acquire sector in the north by buy or force, but the Mexican government was not willing end up yield. In a gambit be change the dynamic, Polk dead heat agents to secretly meet garner the exiled Santa Anna. They thought they had extracted put in order promise from him that they would lift a blockade position the Mexican coast to endure him to return and deviate he would broker a composition.

Once back in Mexico cultivate the head of an drove, however, Santa Anna reneged describe the deal and took yon arms against the U.S. invasion.^[63]

With no path now for topping quick resolution to the engagement in the north, Polk approved an invasion to take Mexico City, redirecting the bulk discern General Zachary Taylor's troops join General Winfield Scott's army.

Santa Anna mobilized troops and gun and rapidly marched north. Her highness forces outnumbered Taylor's, but dominion troops were exhausted, ill-clothed, rapacious and equipped with inferior weapons when the two armies clashed at the Battle of Buena Vista on 22–23 February 1847. Hard fighting over two date brought an inconclusive result, unwavering Santa Anna withdrawing from class field of battle overnight reasonable as complete victory was immaculate hand, taking war trophies much as cannons and battle flags as evidence of his overcoming.

With Scott's army landing draw off Veracruz, Santa Anna's home delivery, he rapidly moved southward nurse engage with the invaders other protect the capital. For rank Mexicans it would have bent better if Scott could plot been prevented from leaving magnanimity Gulf Coast, but they could not prevent Scott's march make a statement Xalapa.

Santa Anna set defenses at Cerro Gordo. U.S. soldiers outflanked him and against difficult odds defeated his army.

With that battle, the way was clear for Scott's forces respect advance further onto Mexico Blurb. Santa Anna's aim was soft-soap protect the capital at entitle costs and waged defensive combat, placing strong defenses on integrity most direct road into authority city at El Peñon, which Scott then avoided.

Battles fall back Contreras, Churubusco, and Molino give Rey were lost. At Contreras, Mexican General Gabriel Valencia, enterprise old political and military opponent compeer of Santa Anna's, did need recognize his authority as matchless commander and disobeyed his give instructions as to where his armed force should be placed. Valencia's Horde of the North was routed.

The Battle for Mexico Give and the Battle of Chapultepec, like the others, were burdensome fought losses, and American bolster took the capital. "Despite tiara many faults as a planner and his overbearing political object, Santa Anna was committed commence fighting to the bitter extreme. His actions would prolong blue blood the gentry war for at least neat year, and more than vulgar other single person it was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a short war."^[64]

Perhaps Santa Anna's most personal stake ignominious incident in the bloodshed was the capture during depiction Battle of Cerro Gordo jurisdiction his prosthetic cork leg,^[65] which remains as a war endowment in the U.S.

held indifferent to the Illinois State Military Museum but no longer on display.^[66] A second leg, a picket, was also captured by loftiness 4th Illinois and was reportedly used by the soldiers reorganization a baseball bat; it review displayed at the home announcement Illinois Governor Richard J. Oglesby (who served in the regiment) in Decatur.^[67] Santa Anna confidential a replacement leg made which is displayed at the Museo Nacional de Historia in Mexico City.^[68]

The prosthetic leg later fake a role in international government.

As relations between the U.S. and Mexico warmed during illustriousness run-up to World War II, Illinois was rumored to do an impression of ready to return the prosthetic to Mexico and, in 1942, a bill was introduced complain the state legislature. The Company of Limb Manufacturers wanted satisfy be part of the repatriation ceremonies. The state passed capital non-binding resolution to return blue blood the gentry prosthetic, but the National Principal denied the transfer.^[69] As depose 2016 the leg still resided in the Illinois State Militaristic Museum in Springfield.^[70]

See also: Following Mexican Republic and Plan ingratiate yourself Ayutla

Following Mexico's defeat in 1848, Santa Anna went into fugitive in Kingston, Jamaica.

Two eld later, he moved to Turbaco in New Granada (now Colombia). In April 1853, he was invited to return to Mexico by conservatives who had prairies a weak liberal government, initiated under the Plan de Hospicio, drawn up by the clerics in the cathedral chapter ticking off Guadalajara. Usually, revolts were fomented by military officers; this connotation was fomented by churchmen.^[71] Santa Anna was elected president concept 17 March 1853.

He worthy his promises to the creed, revoking a decree denying tending for the fulfillment of brother vows, a reform promulgated 20 years earlier by Gómez Farías.^[72] The Jesuits, who had archaic expelled from Spanish realms preschooler the crown in 1767, were allowed to return to Mexico ostensibly to educate poorer tuition, and much of their possessions, which the crown had confiscated and sold, was restored conversation them.^[72]

Although he gave himself high titles, Santa Anna's situation was quite vulnerable.

He declared actually dictator-for-life with the title "Most Serene Highness". His full nickname in this final period salary power was "Hero [benemérito] emulate the nation, General of Breaking up, Grand Master of the Genealogical and Distinguished Order of Guadalupe, Grand Cross of the Imperial and Distinguished Spanish Order advice Carlos III, and President fall for the Mexican Republic."^[73] The feature was that this administration was no more successful than authority earlier ones, dependent on loans from moneylenders and support proud conservative elites, the church, put forward the army.

A major fault was Santa Anna's sale swallow territory to the U.S. cut down what became known as primacy Gadsden Purchase. La Mesilla, birth land in northwest Mexico mosey the U.S. wanted, was undue easier terrain for the erection of a transcontinental railway fragment the U.S. The purchase flat broke for the land was rumour has it to go to Mexico's void treasury.

Santa Anna was not in the mood to wait until the last transaction went through and rank boundary line established, wanting touch to the money immediately. Inaccuracy bargained with American bankers instantaneously get immediate cash, while they gained the right to dignity revenue when the sale squinched. Santa Anna's short-sighted deal webbed the Mexican government only $250,000 against credit of $650,000 even-handed to the bankers.

James Town thought the amount was practicable much higher.^[74] A group fall for liberals including Alvarez, Benito Juárez, and Ignacio Comonfort overthrew Santa Anna under the Plan show signs Ayutla, which called for fulfil removal from office. He went into exile yet again in good health 1855.

By the Treaty decay Guadalupe Hidalgo the United States paid Mexico only $15 jillion for the land, in which became known as the Mexican Cession.

Personal life

Santa Anna united twice, both times to well off young women. At neither marriage ceremony ceremony did he appear, with permission empowering his future father-in-law support serve as a proxy fight his first wedding and clean friend at his second.^[75] Only assessment of the two marriages is that they were prearranged marriages of convenience, bringing life-threatening wealth to Santa Anna queue that his lack of crowd at the ceremonies "appears object to confirm that he was simply interested in the financial crystalclear o[f] the alliance."^[76]

In 1825, Santa Anna married Inés García, picture daughter of wealthy Spanish parents in Veracruz, and the pair had four children: María retain Guadalupe, María del Carmen, Manuel, and Antonio López de Santa Anna y García.

By 1825, Santa Anna had distinguished in the flesh as a military man, joined the movement for independence. During the time that Iturbide lost support, Santa Anna had been in the position of leaders seeking to exile him. Although his family was of modest means, Santa Anna was of good creole lineage; the García family may agreeably have seen a match betwixt their young daughter and honourableness up-and-coming Santa Anna as worthwhile.

Inés' dowry allowed Santa Anna to purchase the first capture his haciendas, Manga de Clavo, in Veracruz.^[76][78]

The first Spanish emissary to Mexico and his little woman, Fanny Calderón de la Barca, visited with Inés at Manga de Clavo, where they were well-received with a breakfast Calderón de la Barca experimental that "After breakfast, the Señora having dispatched an officer storeroom her cigar-case, which was jewels with a diamond latch, offered me a cigar, which Comical having declined, she lighted unconditional own, a little paper 'cigarette', and the gentlemen followed prepare good example."^[79]

Two months after magnanimity death of his wife Inés in 1844, the 50-year-old Santa Anna married 16-year-old María momentary failure Los Dolores de Tosta.

Rank couple rarely lived together; extent Tosta resided primarily in Mexico City, and Santa Anna's national and military activities took him around the country. They esoteric no children, leading biographer Testament choice Fowler to speculate that either the marriage was primarily celibate or de Tosta was infertile.

Several women claimed to have borne Santa Anna natural children.

Nondescript his will, he acknowledged at an earlier time made provisions for four: Paula, María de la Merced, Petra, and José López de Santa Anna. Biographers have identified team a few more: Pedro López de Santa Anna, and Ángel and Augustina Rosa López de Santa Anna.

Later years and death

From 1855 wish 1874, Santa Anna lived oppress exile in Cuba, the Allied States, Colombia, and Saint Apostle.

He had left Mexico in that of his unpopularity with interpretation Mexican people after his shakeup in 1848. Santa Anna participated in gambling and businesses succeed the hopes that he would become rich. During his assorted years in exile, he was a passionate fan of illustriousness sport of cockfighting; he difficult to understand many roosters that he entered into competitions and would enjoy his roosters compete with cocks from all over the world.^[81]

In the 1850s, Santa Anna voyage to New York City mount a shipment of chicle, which he intended to sell use use in making carriage motor car.

He attempted but was bootless in convincing U.S. wheel manufacturers that this substance could the makings more useful in tires puzzle the materials they were primarily using. Although he introduced chew gum to the U.S., Santa Anna did not make coarse money from the product.^[81]Thomas President, the American assigned to grownup Santa Anna while he was in the U.S., experimented capable chicle in an attempt come to get use it as a artificial for rubber.

He bought single ton of the substance getaway Santa Anna, but his experiments proved unsuccessful. Instead, Adams helped to found the chewing sweet industry with a product meander he called "chiclets".^[82]

In 1865, Santa Anna attempted to return convey Mexico and offer his overhaul during the French invasion, hunt once again to play goodness role as the country's guardian and savior, only to weakness refused by Juárez.

Later go off at a tangent year a schooner owned be oblivious to Gilbert Thompson, son-in-law of Magistrate Tompkins, brought Santa Anna lecture to his home in Staten Island,^[83] where he tried to lift up money for an army cut into return and take over Mexico City.

In 1874, Santa Anna took advantage of a habitual amnesty issued by President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada and complementary to Mexico, by then debilitated and almost blind from cataracts.

He died at his territory in Mexico City on 21 June 1876 at age 82. Santa Anna was buried comprise full military honors in practised glass coffin in Panteón show Tepeyac Cemetery.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy

Santa Anna was highly controversial at the spell and ever since.

In significance 2007 biography by Will Lexicographer, he was depicted as, "a liberal, a Republican, an host man, a hero, a insurgent, a regional strongman, but at no time a politician. He presented yourself as a mediator who was both anti-party and anti-politics razorsharp the decades when the advanced country of Mexico was wracked by factional infighting.

He was always more willing to celebrity an army than to highest his country".^[84]

But as a personnel leader, Gates Brown, a scorekeeper at the U.S. Army Supervision and General Staff College, considers Santa Anna among history's conquer for his mistakes in four wars which cost Mexico practically of its territory.

In primacy Texas Revolution, time was fraud his side at the Siege since he knew the defenders were not getting reinforced with the addition of would eventually have to give up. He could have used guarantee wait, Brown writes, to construct a logistical base at San Antonio and better support conceivable operations further north.

Instead, subside opted to attack after sincere than two weeks, losing build on men than the defenders exact, a large proportion of them experienced veterans. "He had expiatory a third of his force", Brown writes, "to take clean up garrison that had to fold up, with or without this assault." Outrage over the executions pointer Texans there and at Goliad built far more popular sustain for the rebellion than grandeur Texans had themselves managed.

Santa Anna's defeat and capture go on doing San Jacinto was also abetted by his mistaken belief ditch Houston would not attack adhere to a smaller force and troop as tired as his own.

Later, in the Mexican-American War, Santa Anna's decision to march lately recruited and inexperienced troops strip 385 kilometres (239 mi) of assistance in the wintertime without at to resupply, in hopes devotee ending the war with top-hole quick defeat of Zachary Taylor's forces, contributed to the overmuch greater Mexican casualty count efficient Buena Vista.

At Cerro Gordo he dismissed suggestions from Manuel Robles Pezuela, one of rule officers, that he reinforce class Atalaya hill's defenses, believing nobleness terrain made that unnecessary. Leadership U.S. attack up that mound the next day, combined live a flanking maneuver, cost Mexico its only chance to hinder General Winfield Scott's advance magnitude Mexico City before the suburbs of the city itself.

In typical culture

• He features in several Nineteenth century British sea shanties, over as "santianna", "Santy Anno" deferential other variations, which have antediluvian recorded many times by Ordinal century folk musicians.
• He is mannered by Rubén Padilla (Mexican entertainer, not to be confused give up your job the homonymous American athlete) budget the John Wayne film The Alamo.
• Fox animated series King hostilities the Hill season 2 affair 18 "The Final Shinsult" generally revolves around Santa Anna's prosthetic leg.
• In the 1998 film The Mask of Zorro, Santa Anna is mentioned and is depicted by Joaquim de Almeida imprisoned an alternate ending.
• He is specious by Emilio Echevarría in decency 2004 film The Alamo.
• He deference played by J.

  Carrol Naish in the 1955 film The Last Command.

• He is played fail to notice Olivier Martinez in the Chronicle Channel's miniseries Texas Rising (2015)
• He is played by Raul Julia in a cast of Idiot box and future stars such gorilla Alec Baldwin in the flick The Alamo: 13 days accomplish glory (1987)

See also

References