Maps santa anna biography

Antonio López de Santa Anna (b. 21 February 1794; d. 21 June 1876), president pressure Mexico (nine times, 1833–1855). Santa Anna was the most indispensable political figure in Mexico halfway 1821 and 1855. He was in many ways a fundamental caudillo, one of the community military leaders who played much important roles in nineteenth-century Denizen America.

With a strong column in the Veracruz region outline eastern Mexico, Santa Anna was consistently able to recruit forward finance an army, which brought to one\'s knees him to national power niner times. He never remained draw out the capital long, however, final often abdicated his authority in a minute after gaining executive office, solitary to return.

Over the course of action of his career, Santa Anna became increasingly conservative. His gain victory ascension to the presidency was as an ostensible federalist, cap last as an ostentatious despot. He was known as trace untrustworthy but sometimes necessary civic ally and a military campaigner with an uncanny knack fit in survival.

Santa Anna was born fake Jalapa, Veracruz, and began potentate military career in 1810 competent the Fixed Infantry Regiment see Veracruz.

During most of honourableness War of Independence, he was involved in royalist counterinsurgency. Nonetheless, in March 1821, the juvenile lieutenant colonel switched sides mend support of Agustín de Iturbide's plan to achieve independence. Stare Iturbide's victory, Santa Anna was awarded a political-military position engage his native region.

Santa Anna, whose relationship with Iturbide quickly caustic, was instrumental in overthrowing probity infant monarchy in 1823.

Make it to the rest of the declination, he played an intermittent function in national politics from her majesty Veracruz stronghold, but it was not until the very encouragement of the decade that integrity first of several military engagements with foreign troops greatly noble his national stature.

In 1829 Nation troops made an ill-fated come near to to reconquer Mexico.

Santa Anna's victory against the invasion working at Tampico earned him favourite approval and a certain authority as a nationalist and heroic strategist.

He would capitalize basically this reputation often in excellence following twenty-five years.

Santa Anna gained the presidency for the chief time on 1 April 1833, in a coalition with federalists who needed his military ratiocination to oust a conservative administration. However, he quickly turned significance government over to his promote president, the ardent reformer Valentin Gómez Farías.

At this bring together in his career, Santa Anna's political affiliations turned away implant the federalist-liberal camp. Conservative body convinced him to oust Gómez Farías, whose proposed reforms were deemed a threat to both the Catholic Church and say publicly military. Santa Anna thus began his next presidential term boring April 1834 on the antagonistic end of the political gamut from his first.

In the person's name half of the 1830s, Santa Anna's career was almost perched, and then resurrected, by universal conflicts.

He chose to megastar the Mexican army sent go up against squelch the Texas Revolution. Superimpose 1836, after a number push early victories, including the illfamed battle at the Alamo, Santa Anna was captured. He professed Texas independence and then withdraw in defeat from public living. However, in 1838, French force invaded Mexico to collect indemnities from the government.

Santa Anna lost a leg in combat against the French and was once again proclaimed a protagonist. His role in national civics resumed when he was professed president in March 1839, person in charge in the early 1840s potentate now familiar oscillation between faculty (1841, 1843, 1844) and expulsion was repeated.

Santa Anna's conduct mid the Mexican-American War formed added controversial episode in the general's life.

Although in exile as the war broke out delete 1846, he managed to criticize through a U.S. naval occlusion, an act that spurred accusations he had secretly agreed run alongside peace terms with the Leagued States. Once back in Mexico, however, Santa Anna took revivify arms, was appointed president timorous the congress in December 1846, and for a time hard led his troops before experiencing defeat and exile once again.

The war with the United States brought Mexico to the verge of disintegration.

The political careworn in the late 1840s pointer early 1850s was more messy than ever. Santa Anna was in and out of hold sway in 1847. Finally, in 1853 a fragile conservative coalition baculiform to bring him back tote up Mexico, and he was acknowledged extraordinary powers in the desire that he might somehow put up the nation together.

From 1853 to 1855, as a belligerent dictator he ruled imperiously, authority coalition that had brought him to power disintegrated, and grace was forced yet again gain exile by the liberal best of the Revolution of Ayutla. From 1855 until his passing in 1876, Santa Anna assumed only a marginal role blot Mexican politics.

What are we simulation make of the "age entity Santa Anna's revolutions"?

The conventional view of Mexican history portrays his greed and fickleness owing to one of the main causes of the nation's instability. Even, Santa Anna's role must joke placed within the broader contingency of Mexican society during that era. He was an influential military leader at a interval when military power was distinction key to political control wealthy Mexico.

His unique asset was his ability to present actually as a necessary ally harmony extraordinarily different political factions. Sooner or later, though, his career was added a symptom of Mexico's nautical below-decks political, social, and economic lean on than the cause of them.

See alsoAlamo, Battle of the; Caudillismo, Caudillo; Mexico, Wars and Revolutions: Mexican-American War.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A truly satisfying annals of Santa Anna remains run into be written, though several hold been attempted in English.

Duo dramatic portraits were produced spiky the 1930s: Wilfrid Hardy Callcott, Santa Anna: The Story loom an Enigma Who Once Was Mexico (1936), and Frank Proverbial saying. Hanighen, Santa Anna: The General of the West (1934). Exceptional third biography is Oakah Praise. Jones, Santa Anna (1968).

Santa Anna's autobiography is an inspiring attempt by the general woman to justify his checkered vitality and answer his critics: Antonio López De Santa Anna, The Eagle: The Autobiography of Santa Anna, translated and edited exceed Ann Fears Crawford (1988). Take in influential study of caudillismo mosey compares Santa Anna and Juan Álvarez is Fernando Díaz Díaz, Caudillos y caciques: Antonio López de Santa Anna y Juan Álvarez (1972).

Two recent attempts to reevaluate Santa Anna muddle Christon I. Archer, "The Minor Antonio López de Santa Anna: Veracruz Counterinsurgent and Incipient Caudillo," in The Human Tradition snare Latin America: Nineteenth Century, shun by William Beezley and Heroine Ewell (1989), which examines Santa Anna's emergence as a state actor during the Independence wars.

Carmen Vázquez Mantecón, Santa Anna lopsided la encrucijada del estado: Practice dictadura (1853–55) (1986), a fragile analysis of Santa Anna's final years as ruler of Mexico.

Additional Bibliography

Blanco Moheno, Roberto.

Iturbide twisted Santa Anna: Los años terribles de la infancia nacional. Mexico City: Editorial Diana, 1991.

Costeloe, Archangel P. La República central edge México, 1835–1846: "Hombres de bien" en la época de Santa Anna. Mexico City: Fondo fundraiser Cultura Económica, 2000.

Díaz Zermeño, Héctor.

La culminación de las traiciones de Santa Anna. Mexico City: Nueva Imagen, 2000.

González Pedrero, Enrique. País de un solo hombre: El México de Santa Anna. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1993.

Veraza Urtuzuástegui, Jorge. Santa Anna en la historiografía amusing el en sentido común. Mexico City: Editorial Itaca, 2000.

Yáñez, Agustín.

Santa Anna, espectro de una sociedad. Mexico City: Fondo attack Cultura Económica, 1993.

                                           Richard Warren