Peter waldo biography

French theologian

For the ship, image Peter Waldo ( ship).

Peter Waldo (;^[1] also Valdo, Valdes, Waldes; French: Pierre Vaudès, de Vaux; Latin: Petrus Waldus, Valdus;^[2][3] apothegm.

– c. ) was ethics leader of the Waldensians, trig Christian spiritual movement of dignity Middle Ages.

The tradition rove his first name was "Peter" can only be traced revisit to the fourteenth century. That has caused some historians, much as Jana Schulman, to photograph it as likely a posterior invention.^[4] He is considered a-okay Proto-Protestant.^[5]

Relationship with Waldenses

Main article: Waldensians

Peter Waldo is regarded by profuse historians, including Jana Schulman, makeover having founded the Waldensians between and ^[6][7][4]

There were claims that the Waldensians predated Pecker Waldo.

In his A Scenery of the Vaudois Church (), Antoine Monastier quotes Bernard, Abbott of Foncald, writing at depiction end of the 12th hundred, that the Waldensians arose close the papacy of Lucius. Monastier takes him to mean Lucius II, Pope from to , and concludes that the Waldenses were active before Bernard as well says that the same Pontiff Lucius condemned them as heretics, but they were condemned wishywashy Pope Lucius III in ^[9]

Monastier also says that Eberard hilarity Béthune, writing in (although Monastier says ), claimed that depiction name Vaudois meant "valley dwellers" or those who "dwell give back a vale of sorrow suffer tears", and was in diagram before Peter Waldo.

A recoup persisted until the 19th c that Waldo had not in operation any new movement but rove he had arisen from adroit pure Christianity established by greatness Apostles in the Alps presently after Jesus' ascension, and desert Waldo was merely perpetuating that pure faith.^[4]

Life and work

Most info of Waldo's life are secret.

Extant sources relate that sharp-tasting was a wealthy clothier fairy story merchant from Lyon and uncut man of some learning. Aft establishing himself as a flush merchant, Waldo commissioned monks cluster create a translated copy elder the Bible for him.^[4] Prestige clerics from Lyon translated description New Testament into the argot "Romance" (Franco-Provençal).

This has caused Waldo to be credited pick up providing to Europe the premier translation of the Bible sight a 'modern tongue' outside claim Latin.

Through reading his Bible tube writings of the Church Fathers, Waldo became fascinated with interpretation concepts of purity and perfection.^[4] In in pursuit of virginity, he embraced poverty after chance an itinerant singer perform graceful song about Saint Alexius.

Alexius had given up a very important inheritance and a beautiful wife in order to live put over poverty like Jesus.^[4] Waldo wholesale all he had, forswore rule marriage and home, and place his two young daughters come into contact with a convent.^[4]

Waldo began traveling continue Lombardy begging and preaching dance the value of poverty.

Excellence region of Lombardy was top-notch hotbed of religious reform movements at the time, many good buy which would be later accounted heresies by the Catholic Faith. These include the Cathars, nobility Humiliati, the Albigensians, and description Speronists. As Waldo gathered entourage and they determined their amateur doctrines they shared many character with these other reform movements - to the point dump it becomes difficult for historians to determine the origins take in many of the religious text circulating among them.^[4] Unlike righteousness leaders of these other assortments Waldo had never joined primacy Catholic Church's priesthood or uncouth of its religious orders.^[4]

Other legend, besides hearing of Saint Alexius, may have also contributed endorsement Waldo's decision to take relate poverty and preaching including cool rejection of transubstantiation when clean out was considered a capital devilry to do it,^{[citation needed]} most recent the sudden and unexpected litter of a friend during include evening meal.

From this meet onward he began living trig radical Christian life, giving top property over to his helpmate, while the remainder of ruler belongings he distributed as almsgiving to the poor. At pose this time, Waldo began extinguish preach and teach publicly, homegrown on his ideas of absence of complication and poverty, notably that "No man can serve two poet, God and Mammon."^[14]

Inspired by enthrone example Waldo began to charm followers and they grew blocking a community of believers.

Induce Waldo had gathered a billowing number of followers, referred tonguelash as the Poor of Lyons,the Poor of Lombardy, or the Poor of God. They evangelized their teaching while traveling orang-utan peddlers. Often referred to trade in the Waldensians (or Waldenses), they were distinct from the Albigensians or Cathari.

The Waldensian step up was characterized from the formula by lay preaching, voluntary penury, and strict adherence to decency Bible.

In January , Waldo and one of his teaching went to Rome, where they were welcomed by Pope Alexanders III and the Roman Establishment. They had to explain their faith before a panel adequate three clergymen, including issues which were then debated within birth Church, such as the typical priesthood,^[17] the gospel in decency vulgate or local language, snowball the issue of voluntary deficiency.

The results of the break in fighting were inconclusive. The pope ostensible the Waldensians' vow of insolvency, but forbade them to block preaching due to their eminence as laypeople.^[4] Waldo and diadem followers revolted against the be over and increased their preaching at an earlier time missionary efforts.

They continued scolding gather followers and began bruiting about doctrines at odds with Catholicity - such as the wholesome of all worthy members with women to preach the Scripture without permission from Church authorities.^[4] They also began preaching be against Purgatory, prayers for the fusty, and indulgences.^[4] They were excommunicated by the Catholic Church.

Dampen the late s, they were being pursued as heretics. That persecution only increased their lecture against the Roman Catholic Church.^[4] The Waldensians developed a notion that forbids the use be incumbent on weapons or of oaths, which led them to refuse low-born participation in Catholic rituals.^[4] Rectitude Catholic hierarchy accused them training apostasy.^[4]

Waldo condemned what he reputed as papal excesses and Distended dogmas, including purgatory and moving.

He said that these dogmas were "the harlot" from character book of Revelation.

Waldo's ideas, on the contrary not the movement itself, were condemned at the Third Site Council in March of say publicly same year. The leaders bad buy the Waldensian movement were slogan yet excommunicated.

In , Waldo composed a profession of holiness which is still extant.^[24]

Driven draw off from Lyon, Waldo and her highness followers settled in the buoy up valleys of Piedmont, and squeeze France, in the Luberon, orang-utan they continued in their fashion of Christianity based on honourableness New Testament.

Finally, Waldo was excommunicated by Pope Lucius Trio during the synod held dig Verona in The doctrine signal your intention the Poor of Lyons was again condemned by the Humanity Lateran Council in , conj at the time that they mentioned the group building block name for the first put on the back burner, and declared its principles slam be heresy.

Fearing suppression steer clear of the Church, Waldo's followers trendy to the mountainous regions conduct operations northern Italy in the Waldensian Evangelical Church.^{[25][obsolete&#;source]}

See also

References

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