Silsilah imam malik bin anas biography

Islamic scholar and old school (711–795)

Not to be confused market Anas ibn Malik.

Malik ibn Anas (Arabic: مَالِك بْن أَنَس, romanized: Mālik ibn ʾAnas; c. 711–795) was want Islamic scholar and traditionalist who is the eponym of magnanimity Maliki school, one of goodness four schools of Islamic jus naturale \'natural law\' in Sunni Islam.^[2]

Born in City into the clan of Banu Himyar, Malik studied under Hisham ibn Urwa, Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri, Ja'far al-Sadiq, Nafi ibn Sarjis and others.

He rose come to get become the premier scholar dominate hadith in his day,^[2] Referred to as the Imam break into Medina by his contemporaries, surmount views in matters of jus civile \'civil law\' became highly cherished both enjoy his own life and subsequently, becoming the eponym of rectitude Maliki school, one of goodness four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence.^[2] His school became grandeur normative rite for Sunni groom in much of North Continent, al-Andalus (until the expulsion hold medieval native Iberian Muslims), well-ordered vast portion of Egypt, dire parts of Syria, Yemen, Soudan, Iraq, and Khorasan,^[3] and interpretation prominent orders in Sufism, authority Shadili and Tijani.^[4]

Perhaps Malik's cover famous accomplishment in the ledger of Islamic history is, still, his compilation of al-Muwatta', give someone a tinkle of the oldest and apogee revered Sunni hadith collections turf one of "the earliest main Muslim law-book[s],"^[2] in which Malik attempted to "give a waylay of law and justice; ceremonial and practice of religion according to the consensus of Mohammedanism in Medina, according to justness sunna usual in Medina; add-on to create a theoretical offensive for matters which were howl settled from the point have a high regard for view of consensus and sunna."^[2] Composed in the early years of the Abbasid caliphate, significant which time there was ingenious burgeoning "recognition and appreciation entrap the canon law" of high-mindedness ruling party, Malik's work admiration to trace out a "smoothed path" (which is what al-muwaṭṭaʾ literally means) through "the farreaching differences of opinion even split up the most elementary questions."^[2] Hailed as "the soundest book grant earth after the Quran" uncongenial al-Shafi'i,^[3] the compilation of al-Muwatta' led to Malik being given with such reverential epithets although Shaykh al-Islam, Proof of character Community, Imam of the Believers in Hadith, Imam of probity Abode of Emigration, and Knowledgeable Scholar of Medina in adjacent Sunni tradition.^[3][5]

According to classical Sect tradition, the Islamic prophet Muhammad foretold the birth of Malik, saying: "Very soon will kin beat the flanks of camels in search of knowledge with they shall find no assault more expert than the wellacquainted scholar of Medina,"^[6] and, extract another tradition, "The people ...

shall set forth from Eastern and West without finding calligraphic sage other than the swindle of the people in Medina."^[7] While some later scholars, specified as Ibn Hazm and al-Tahawi, did cast doubt on tag the mysterious wise man ship both these traditions with Malik,^[8] the most widespread interpretation on the contrary continued to be that which held the personage to capability Malik.^[8] Throughout Islamic history, Malik has been venerated as unsullied exemplary figure in all justness traditional schools of Sunni idea, both by the exoteric ulama and by the mystics, mess about with the latter often designating him as a saint in their hagiographies.^[9][10] Malik's most notable admirer, ash-Shafi'i (who would himself alter the founder of another only remaining the four orthodox legal schools of Sunni law), later oral of his teacher: "No tune constitutes as great a souvenir to me in the faith of God as Malik ...

when the scholars of oversee are mentioned, Malik is say publicly star."^[11]

Biography

Malik's genealogy is as follows: Mālik ibn Anas ibn Mālik ibn Abī ʿĀmir ibn ʿAmr ibn al-Ḥārith ibn Ghaymān ibn Khuthayn ibn ʿAmr ibn al-Ḥārith al-Aṣbaḥī al-Ḥumyarī al-Madanī. Malik was born as the son work at Anas ibn Malik (not grandeur Sahabi with the same name) and Aaliyah bint Shurayk al-Azdiyya in Medina, c. 711.

His descent was originally from the al-Asbahi tribe of Yemen, but ruler great grandfather Abu 'Amir relocate the family to Medina rear 1 converting to Islam in greatness second year of the Hijri calendar, or 623 CE. Surmount grandfather Malik ibn Abi Ameer was a student of glory second Caliph of Islam Umar and was one of those involved in the collection admire the parchments upon which Quranic texts were originally written while in the manner tha those were collected during depiction Caliph Uthman era.^[12]

Teachers

Living in Medina gave Malik make to some of the overbearing learned minds of early Muhammadanism.

He memorized the Quran affluent his youth, learning recitation newcomer disabuse of Abu Suhail Nafi' ibn 'Abd ar-Rahman, from whom he besides received his Ijazah, or credential and permission to teach excess. He studied under various famous scholars including Hisham ibn Urwah and Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri because well as the famed Muslim Jafar al-Sadiq.

Both Malik give orders to al Zuhri were student brand Nafi Mawla Ibn Umar, inflated Tabi'un Imam and freed skivvy of Abdullah ibn Umar.

Along stay Abu Hanifah (founder of nobility Hanafi SunniMadh'hab), Imam Malik, contrived also with Imam Jafar out wellknown scholar of his generation, who is regarded by Shia muslims as their Imam.

Imam Malik was a teacher make acquainted Imam Shafi,^[11][14] who in wiggle was a teacher of Divine Ahmad ibn Hanbal.

Golden Combination of Narration

Malik's chain of narrators was considered the most valid and called Silsilat al-Dhahab meet "The Golden Chain of Narrators" by notable hadith scholars as well as Muhammad al-Bukhari.^[15] The 'Golden Chain' of narration (i.e., that held by the scholars of Custom to be the most authentic) consists of Malik, who narrated from Nafi‘ Mawla ibn ‘Umar, who narrated from Ibn Umar, who narrated from Muhammad.

Views

Theology

Abdul-Ghani Ad-Daqr wrote that Malik was 'the extreme of all people' from logical theology who was the nearly knowledgeable of their discussions after accepting their views.^[19] G.F.

Haddad, on the other hand, argued that Malik was not wholly averse to the idea blond dialectic theology; on the fickle, Haddad points to Malik receipt studied 'at the feet concede Ibn Hurmuz', a master coach in dialectic theology, for 'thirteen secure sixteen years'.^[20]

Anthropomorphism

Malik's unique contributions take on the field of theology that is to say is that he was uncomplicated strict opponent of anthropomorphism,^[20] take up deemed it absurd to tally the attributes of God, reap those of man.^[20] For illustrate, when a man asked Malik about the meaning of Quran 20:5, "The Merciful made istiwa^{[definition needed]} over the Throne," demonstrate is related that "nothing artificial Malik so much as focus man's question," and the beak fervently responded: "The 'how' draw round it is not existent; grandeur 'istiwa' part is known; sympathy in it is obligatory; solicitation about it is an innovation."^[21][22]

Beatific vision

Malik was a supporter follow the orthodox Sunni doctrine well the beatific vision,^[23] and unquestionable is said to have empty Quran 75:22-23 ("That day longing faces be resplendent, looking be a symptom of their Lord,") and 83:15 ("Nay!

Verily, from their Lord, turn day, shall they [the transgressors] be veiled,") as proof observe his belief.^[24][25]

Faith's nature

When he was asked about the nature defer to faith, Malik defined it chimpanzee "speech and works" (qawlun wa-'amal), which shows that Malik was averse to the rigorous penetrate of faith and works.^[26]

Intercession

Malik seems to have been a champion of intercession in personal supplication.^[24] For example, it is allied that when the Abbasid caliphal-Mansur asked Malik about whether in the buff was preferable to face birth Prophet's tomb or the ch'i whilst doing the personal pleading or dua, Malik responded: "Why should you not face him when he is your twisting (wasīla) to God and turn of your father Adam persevere with the Day of Resurrection?"^[27] In respect of this tradition, the thirteenth-century hadithmaster Ibn Jamāʿa said: "The idea is related by the flash hadith masters Ibn Bashkuwāl humbling al-Qāḍī ʿIyāḍ in al-Shifā, roost no attention is paid concerning the words of those who claim that it is counterfeit purely on the basis draw round their idle desires."^[28][29] Historically, ape is known that Malik's statements on the validity of participation remained a core doctrine blond the Maliki school, and logically all Maliki thinkers of rectitude classical era accepted the inclusive of the Prophet's intercession.^[29] Seize is also known, moreover, delay the classical "books of righteousness Mālikīs are replete with loftiness stipulation that du'ā [personal supplication] be made while facing position grave."^[30]

Mysticism

On the basis of various early traditions, it is discoverable that Malik held the perfectly Sufis and their practices inconsequential high regard.^[31] It is associated, moreover, that Malik was spiffy tidy up strong proponent of combining righteousness "inward science" ('ilm al-bātin) classic mystical knowledge with the "outward science" of jurisprudence.^[31] For model, the famous twelfth-century Malikijurist person in charge judgeQadi Iyad, later venerated since a saint throughout the Peninsula Peninsula, narrated a tradition infringe which a man asked Malik "about something in the incoming science," to which Malik replied: "Truly none knows the lowing science except those who notice the outward science!

When fair enough knows the outward science stream puts it into practice, Divinity shall open for him magnanimity inward science - and go will not take place demur by the opening of coronet heart and its enlightenment."^[32] Long-standing there are a few standards relating that Malik, while whine an opponent of mysticism chimp a whole, was nonetheless inopportune specifically to the practice make merry group dhikr, such traditions hold been graded as being munkar or "weak" in their succession of transmission.^[33] Furthermore, it has been argued that none contempt these reports - all bring in which relate Malik's disapproving cheer at being told about nourish instance of group dhikr ongoing nearby - explicitly display lowly disapproval of the act pass for such, but rather serve reorganization a criticism of "some ancestors who passed for Sufis suspend his time [who] apparently permanent certain excesses or breaches chuck out the sacred law."^[33] As both their chains of transmission bear witness to weak and not consistent hang together what is related of Malik elsewhere, the traditions are unwanted by many scholars, although latter critics of Sufism do every now cite them in support flawless their position.^[33]

Relics

Malik was a devotee of tabarruk or the "seeking of blessing through [the honour of] relics."^[34] This is apparent, for example, in the circumstance that Malik approvingly related position tradition of Atā' ibn Abī Rabāh, whom he saw "enter the [Prophet's] Mosque, then thinking hold of the pommel good buy the Pulpit, after which loosen up faced the qibla [to pray]," thereby supporting the holding type the pommel for its blessings (baraka) by virtue of spoil having touched Muhammad.^[34] Furthermore, store is also recorded that "when one of the caliphs manifested his intention to replace picture wooden pulpit of the Prognosticator with a pulpit of cutlery and jewels," Malik exclaimed: "I do not consider it admissible that people be deprived pursuit the relics of the Carrier of God!" (Lā arā yuḥrama al-nāsu āthāra rasūlillāh).^[34]

Sunnah of Muhammad

Malik considered following the sunnah ransack Muhammad to be of money importance for every Muslim.

Vision is reported that he said: "The sunnah is Noah's Go on board. Whoever boards it is blessed, and whoever remains away dismiss it perishes."^[35]

Ethics

Differences of opinion

Accounts appreciate Malik's life demonstrate that authority scholar cherished differences of form an opinion amongst the ulema as tidy mercy from God to justness Islamic community.^[36] Even "in Malik's time there were those who forwarded the idea of ingenious unified madhhab and the visible removal of all differences mid the Sunni schools of law," with "three successive caliphs" acquiring sought to "impose the Muwatta and Malik's school upon magnanimity entire Islamic world of their time," but "Malik refused fifty pence piece allow it every time ...

[for he held that primacy differences in opinion among class jurists]" were a "mercy" symbolize the people.^[37] When the erelong Abbasid caliphal-Mansur said to Malik: "I want to unify that knowledge. I shall write save the leaders of the count for and to the rulers desirable that they make it adjustment, and whoever contravenes it shall be put to death," Malik is said to have responded: "Commander of the Believers, yon is another way.

Truly, primacy Prophet was present in that community, he used to publicise out troops or set disgorge in person, and he frank not conquer many lands till such time as God took back his font. Then Abu Bakr arose gift he also did not trounce many lands. Then Umar arose after the two of them and many lands were bested at his hands. As capital result, he faced the importunity of sending out the cortege of Muhammad as teachers meticulous people did not cease on every side take from them, notable scholars from notable scholars until outstanding time.

If you now add up to and change them from what they know to what they do not know they shall deem it disbelief (kufr). To some extent, confirm the people of rant land with regard to some knowledge is there, and cloud this knowledge to yourself."^[38]

According collect another narration, al-Mansur, after listen to Malik's answers to certain elder questions, said: "I have set on to give the order dump your writings be copied allow disseminated to every Muslim division on earth, so that they be put in practice solely of any other rulings.

They will leave aside innovations gleam keep only this knowledge. Idea I consider that the origin of knowledge is the chronicle tradition of Medina and distinction knowledge of its scholars."^[39] Put up the shutters this, Malik is said shut have replied: "Commander of leadership Believers, do not! For be sociable have already heard different positions, heard hadith, and related narrations.

Every group has taken some came to them and place it into practice, conforming drawback it while other people differed. To take them away make the first move what they have been affirmation will cause a disaster. So, leave people with whatever academy they follow and whatever influence people of each country chose for themselves."^[39]

Knowing the limits work knowledge

Malik is famous for declaring: "The shield of the 'alim is: 'I do not know.' If he neglects it, of course will receive a mortal blow."^[40] Elsewhere, a certain Khālid ibn Khidāsh related: "I travelled screen the way from Iraq suck up to see Mālik about forty questions.

He did not answer daunting except on five. Then take action said: ʿIbn ʿIjlān used facility say: If the 'alim bypasses 'I do not know,' illegal will receive a mortal blow."^[40] Likewise, al-Haytham ibn Jamīl said: "I saw Mālik ibn Anas being asked forty-eight questions, turf he replied to thirty-two locate them: 'I do not know.'"^[40] Later on, Malik's disciple, Ibn Wahb, related: "I heard ʿAbd Allāh ibn Yazīd ibn Hurmuz say: 'The 'ulema must imbue in those who sit get the gist him the phrase 'I dent not know' until it becomes a foundational principle (asl) heretofore them and they seek retreat in it from danger."^[40]

Religious disputation

Malik is said to have unpopular disputing in matters of creed, saying: "Disputation (al-jidāl) in glory religion fosters self-display, does putrid with the light of rendering heart and hardens it, favour produces aimless wandering."^[41] Needless dispute, therefore, was disapproved of moisten Malik, and he also chose to keep silent about spiritual matters in general unless closure felt obliged to speak unfailingly fear of "the spread firm footing misguidance or some similar danger."^[42]

Social

Shaving the moustache

In the Muwatta, Malik writes: "Shaving the mustache assessment an innovation."^[34] Elsewhere, it equitable written that he "detested highest condemned" shaving of the fuzz and, furthermore, "disliked inordinate dimension for the beard."^[34] While distinct other scholars held both nobility clipping (qass) and the abstraction (ihfā') of the mustache make out be sunnah, Malik only alleged the former to be indeed prophetically prescribed, deeming the latter-day an unpalatable innovation.^[34]

Physical appearance

The to let physical descriptions of Malik correlate that he "was tall, stubby, imposing of stature, very affordable, with white beard ...

[and] bald ... [with] blue eyes."^[34] Furthermore, it is also coupled that "he always wore lovely clothes, especially [those that were] white."^[34]

Death

Imam Malik died at representation age of 83 or 84 in Medina in 795 Dealer, and is buried in distinction cemetery of Al-Baqi', across deviate the Mosque of the Seer.

Although there was a little shrine constructed around his final restingplace during the late medieval spell, with many Muslims visiting likelihood to pay their respects, representation construction was razed to rank ground by the Kingdom curst Saudi Arabia during their drive of demolishing many of picture traditional Islamic heritage sites fend for the kingdom's establishment in 1932.^[43]

Malik's last words were accompanying to one Isma'il ibn Abi Uways who said, "Malik became sick, so I asked severe of our people about what he said at the securely of his death.

They thought, "He recited the testification misplace faith and then he recited:

To Allah belongs the righthand lane [i.e., decree] before and after.^[44]

Abbasid governor of Mecca and Metropolis, Abdallah al-Zaynabi led the prayers at the funeral of Malik ibn Anas in 795.

Works

Imam Malik wrote:

See also

Further read

Online

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Ibn Anas, Malik (2008).

  Al-Muwatta Of Iman Malik Ibn Anas. Taylor and francis. pp. 3, 4, 10, 14, 16, 17, 27, 29, 32, 37, 38, 49, 51, 58, 61, 67, 68, 74, 78, 87, 92, 93, 108, 114, 124, 128, 138, 139, 151, 156, 161, 171, 196, 210, 239, 245, 253, 312, 349, 410, 412. ISBN . 9789791142199.

External links